Cited by 208Wildlife Ecology and ConservationRangeland and Wildlife ManagementAnimal Ecology and Behavior Studies

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The reintroduction of large carnivores to the Eastern Cape, South Africa: an assessment

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Hayward, Matt W., Kerley, Graham I. H., Adendorff, John, Moolman, Lucius C., O'Brien, John, Sholto-Douglas, Angus, Bissett, Charlene, Bean, Peter, Fogarty, Alan, Howarth, Dale, Slater, Richard·2007·Oryx

DOI 10.1017/s0030605307001767

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Abstract

Abstract Recently, conservation estate in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province has increased 10-fold resulting in large predators being increasingly reintroduced to restore ecological integrity and maximize tourism. We describe the reintroductions of large carnivores (>10 kg) that have occurred in the Eastern Cape and use various criteria to assess their success. Lion Panthera leo reintroduction has been highly successful with a population of 56 currently extant in the region and problems of overpopulation arising. The African wild dog Lycaon pictus population has increased to 24 from a founder population of 11. Preliminary results for spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta also indicate success. Wild populations of leopards Panthera pardus exist on several reserves and have been supplemented by translocated individuals, although deaths of known individuals have occurred and no estimate of reproduction is available. Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus reintroduction has also been less successful with 36 individuals reintroduced and 23 cubs being born but only 41 individuals surviving in 2005. Criteria for assessing the success of reintroductions of species that naturally occur in low densities, such as top predators, generally have limited value. Carrying capacity for large predators is unknown and continued monitoring and intensive management will be necessary in enclosed, and possibly all, conservation areas in the Eastern Cape to ensure conservation success.

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Self-citation
1.3 Threat: Energy production and mining
Sutherland, W. J., Dicks, L. V., Ockendon, N., & Smith, R. K. (2020) · Open Book Publishers
12. Habitat restoration and creation
Thornton, A., Morgan, W. H., Bladon, E., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0453.12
3.8 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
Sutherland, W. J., Dicks, L. V., Ockendon, N., & Smith, R. K. (2015) · Open Book Publishers
4.5. Threat: Residential and commercial development
Sutherland, W. J., Dicks, L. V., Ockendon, N., & Smith, R. K. (2015) · Open Book Publishers
1.10. Threat: Climate change and severe weather
Sutherland, W. J., Dicks, L. V., Ockendon, N., & Smith, R. K. (2020) · Open Book Publishers
3.9 Threat: Natural system modifications
Sutherland, W. J., Dicks, L. V., Ockendon, N., & Smith, R. K. (2015) · Open Book Publishers
Education and awareness raising
Sutherland, W. J., Dicks, L. V., Ockendon, N., & Smith, R. K. (2014) · Pelagic Publishing eBooks · doi:10.2307/jj.28833756.20
2.6. Threat: Biological resource use
Sutherland, W. J., Dicks, L. V., Ockendon, N., & Smith, R. K. (2015) · Open Book Publishers
6.2. Threat: Agriculture and aquaculture
Sutherland, W. J., Dicks, L. V., Ockendon, N., Petrovan, S. O., & Smith, R. K. (2020) · Open Book Publishers
14. Species management
Littlewood, N. A., Rocha, R., Smith, R. K., Martin, P. A., Lockhart, S. L., Schoonover, R. F., Wilman, E. N., Bladon, A. J., Sainsbury, K. A., Pimm, S. L., et al. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0234.14
9. Threat: Invasive alien and other problematic species
Littlewood, N. A., Rocha, R., Smith, R. K., Martin, P. A., Lockhart, S. L., Schoonover, R. F., Wilman, E. N., Bladon, A. J., Sainsbury, K. A., Pimm, S. L., et al. (2020) · OpenEdition (OpenEdition)
12. Habitat protection
Littlewood, N. A., Rocha, R., Smith, R. K., Martin, P. A., Lockhart, S. L., Schoonover, R. F., Wilman, E. N., Bladon, A. J., Sainsbury, K. A., Pimm, S. L., et al. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0234.12
1. About this book
Littlewood, N. A., Rocha, R., Smith, R. K., Martin, P. A., Lockhart, S. L., Schoonover, R. F., Wilman, E. N., Bladon, A. J., Sainsbury, K. A., Pimm, S. L., et al. (2020) · Open Book Publishers
5. Threat
Littlewood, N. A., Rocha, R., Smith, R. K., Martin, P. A., Lockhart, S. L., Schoonover, R. F., Wilman, E. N., Bladon, A. J., Sainsbury, K. A., Pimm, S. L., et al. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0234.05
13. Habitat restoration and creation
Littlewood, N. A., Rocha, R., Smith, R. K., Martin, P. A., Lockhart, S. L., Schoonover, R. F., Wilman, E. N., Bladon, A. J., Sainsbury, K. A., Pimm, S. L., et al. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0234.13
3. Threat
Littlewood, N. A., Rocha, R., Smith, R. K., Martin, P. A., Lockhart, S. L., Schoonover, R. F., Wilman, E. N., Bladon, A. J., Sainsbury, K. A., Pimm, S. L., et al. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0234.03
6. Threat
Littlewood, N. A., Rocha, R., Smith, R. K., Martin, P. A., Lockhart, S. L., Schoonover, R. F., Wilman, E. N., Bladon, A. J., Sainsbury, K. A., Pimm, S. L., et al. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0234.06
11. Threat
Littlewood, N. A., Rocha, R., Smith, R. K., Martin, P. A., Lockhart, S. L., Schoonover, R. F., Wilman, E. N., Bladon, A. J., Sainsbury, K. A., Pimm, S. L., et al. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0234.11
8. Threat
Littlewood, N. A., Rocha, R., Smith, R. K., Martin, P. A., Lockhart, S. L., Schoonover, R. F., Wilman, E. N., Bladon, A. J., Sainsbury, K. A., Pimm, S. L., et al. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0234.08
4. Threat
Littlewood, N. A., Rocha, R., Smith, R. K., Martin, P. A., Lockhart, S. L., Schoonover, R. F., Wilman, E. N., Bladon, A. J., Sainsbury, K. A., Pimm, S. L., et al. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0234.04
10. Threat
Littlewood, N. A., Rocha, R., Smith, R. K., Martin, P. A., Lockhart, S. L., Schoonover, R. F., Wilman, E. N., Bladon, A. J., Sainsbury, K. A., Pimm, S. L., et al. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0234.10
9. Threat
Littlewood, N. A., Rocha, R., Smith, R. K., Martin, P. A., Lockhart, S. L., Schoonover, R. F., Wilman, E. N., Bladon, A. J., Sainsbury, K. A., Pimm, S. L., et al. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0234.09
7. Threat
Littlewood, N. A., Rocha, R., Smith, R. K., Martin, P. A., Lockhart, S. L., Schoonover, R. F., Wilman, E. N., Bladon, A. J., Sainsbury, K. A., Pimm, S. L., et al. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0234.07
1. About this book
Littlewood, N. A., Rocha, R., Smith, R. K., Martin, P. A., Lockhart, S. L., Schoonover, R. F., Wilman, E. N., Bladon, A. J., Sainsbury, K. A., Pimm, S. L., et al. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0234.01

Authors: Hayward, M. W., Kerley, G. I. H., Adendorff, J., Moolman, L. C., O'Brien, J., Sholto-Douglas, A., Bissett, C., Bean, P., Fogarty, A., Howarth, D., & Slater, R.
Affiliations: Nelson Mandela University (ZA)
Corresponding author: Hayward, Matt W.
ORCID: Hayward, Matt W.
Kerley, Graham I. H.
Bissett, Charlene
Venue: Oryx
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2007-04
Volume: 41
Issue: 2
Pages: 205-214
ISSN: 0030-6053 (ISSN-L)
1365-3008
DOI: 10.1017/s0030605307001767
OpenAlex: W2115875694
Cited by: 208
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 9.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 53 d)
Locations: Oryx (publishedVersion)
Nelson Mandela University Research Repository (submittedVersion)
Funders: Panthera
National Research Foundation
University of Pretoria
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
Keywords: Eastern Cape, lion, Lycaon pictus, spotted hyena, leopard, cheetah, translocation, carrying capacity, conservation estate, wildlife tourism

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The reintroduction of large carnivores to the Eastern Cape, South Africa: an assessment

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