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Neuropsychological functioning in stimulant-naive boys with hyperkinetic disorder
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although children with hyperkinetic disorder and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show disordered executive neuropsychological functioning, the nature of these changes remains controversial. Additionally, impairments in non-executive neuropsychological functioning have been relatively unexplored. Here, the authors describe the neuropsychological functioning of a sample of stimulant drug-naive boys with hyperkinetic disorder on a battery of neuropsychological tasks sensitive to impairments of both executive and non-executive functions. METHOD: Seventy-five stimulant drug-naive boys meeting diagnostic criteria for ICD-10 hyperkinetic disorder were compared with 70 healthy developing controls matched for age but not IQ on computerized tests of neuropsychological functioning from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and a Go/No-Go inhibition task. RESULTS: Boys with hyperkinetic disorder exhibited impairments on tasks with a prominent executive component--working memory, planning, strategy formation, attentional set-shifting and on a reaction time task. However, they were also impaired on tasks without prominent executive components--pattern and spatial recognition, spatial span, delayed matching to sample and paired associates learning. Contrary to predictions, no impairment was observed on the Go/No-Go inhibition task. CONCLUSIONS: Medication-naive boys with hyperkinetic disorder displayed a broad range of neuropsychological impairments. Deficits were demonstrated on tasks with and without prominent executive components. Impairments were not confined to tasks dependent upon frontostriatal functioning, cannot wholly be explained by deficits in inhibitory control, nor can they be attributed to intelligence or previous exposure to stimulant medication.
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“Children and adults suffering from ADHD are known to display long-term memory deficits [9,45] which are often ascribed to deviant encoding rather than to problems during consolidation or retrieval [6].”
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Items 101–126 of 126
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Konopka, L. M., & Zimmerman, E. M. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396988-0.00003-9 · Cited by 4
Munz, M., Baving, L., & Prehn‐Kristensen, A. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12030322 · Cited by 4
“Among other neurocognitive impairments, such as working memory deficits or impaired executive functions in general [16,17], deficits in declarative memory consolidation have also been found in ADHD, both in adults [18,19] and in children [20,21].”
BackgroundRhodes, S., McDougal, E., Efthymiou, C., Stewart, T. M., & Booth, J. N. (2024) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-024-01530-3 · Cited by 4
“Cognitive functions, used to organise our behaviour such as working memory, inhibitory control, planning, strategy use, and attention flexibility, known collectively as executive functions, have in particular been implicated [9, 10, 21–26].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationExecutive functioning in children with traumatic brain injury in comparison to developmental ADHD
Hanten, G. R., & Levin, H. S. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316529898.034 · Cited by 3
Piccolo, A., Fauci, M. L., Domenico, C. D., Cara, M. D., Fulgenzi, A., Mancuso, N., Bonanno, L., Tresoldi, M., Muratore, R., Impallomeni, C., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15020906 · Cited by 3
The self‐reference effect in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Ahmed, Z., Cunningham, S. J., Rhodes, S., Gow, A., Macmillan, K., Hutchison, J., & Roß, J. (2024) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12489 · Cited by 4
Self-citationRhodes, S., Booth, J. N., McDougal, E., Oldridge, J., Rivera-Lares, K., Roux, A. R., & Stewart, T. M. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06392-5 · Cited by 2
“…memory and attention flexibility, and have been highlighted due to their close affiliations with attentional control (Brocki et al., 2010) and as areas of particular difficulty in ADHD (Gau & Shang, 2010; Kofler et al., 2019; Miller et al., 2013; Rhodes et al., 2004, 2005; Rhodes et al., 2012).”
Self-citationCognitive heterogeneity in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Implications for maths
Kanevski, M., Booth, J. N., Stewart, T. M., & Rhodes, S. (2024) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12517 · Cited by 3
Self-citationFendreski, T. S., Moradi, A., Panah, M. E., & Sadeghi, M. (2020) · Advances in Cognitive Science · doi:10.30699/icss.22.2.33 · Cited by 2
Neurocognitive characteristics of adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Dowson, J. H., & Blackwell, A. D. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511780752.010 · Cited by 2
Perfil y endofenotipos neuropsicológicos en TDAH: Una revisión
Rubio, B., Castrillo, J., Herreros, Ó., Gastaminza, X., & Expósito, S. H. (2016) · Revista de Psiquiatría Infanto-Juvenil · doi:10.31766/revpsij.v33n1a1 · Cited by 3
A Study on Child Psychopathology Based on Perspective of Perceptual Development
Cesur, E., & Demirci, Y. (2024) · Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.1409722 · Cited by 1
Coghill, D., & Rhodes, S. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02506.x · Cited by 1
“We were also able to replicate findings from our previous studies (Rhodes et al., 2005 Rhodes et al., 2004) and those of others (Martinussen et al., 2005) that ADHD is also associated with significant executive and non-executive deficits in short term memory and deficits in longer term recognition…”
ResultSelf-citationMartin, J. (2014) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
The Dual Pathway Hypothesis of ADHD: Retrospect and Prospect
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2007) · Medical psychiatry · doi:10.3109/9781420017144.011
ghaffarian, M., & Alizadeh, H. (2014)
Rubio, B., Expósito, S. H., Herreros, Ó., Gastaminza, X., Cejas, R., & Castrillo, J. (2016) · Revista de Psiquiatría Infanto-Juvenil · doi:10.31766/revpsij.v33n3a1
“A pesar de estas limitaciones, el metilfenidato ha demostrado mejoras en la memoria de trabajo espacial, inhibición, cambio de foco y planificación (24-28).”
BackgroundNeurocomputational models of corticostriatal interactions in action selection
Caso, A. (2019) · BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) · doi:10.18743/pub.00040446
(2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444328172.refs
(2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118941430.refs
Shimizu, M., Takagi, S., Aoki, R., Itahashi, T., Shikauchi, Y., Nakamura, H., Sugihara, G., Takahashi, H., & Nakamura, M. (2026) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.70286
“34,35 In contrast, no significant change was observed in the medication ‐ experienced group, a finding we attribute to their already better baseline performance.”
Bouchatta, O. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5acdd85dz1833z429eza36az308928086d39
Kharusi, N. A., Al-Farsi, Y. M., Chan, M. F., Al‐Adawi, S., Al-Mandhari, M., & Al‐Sibani, N. (2026) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.181828.1
Kharusi, N. A., Al-Farsi, Y. M., Chan, M. F., Al‐Adawi, S., Al-Mandhari, M., & Al‐Sibani, N. (2026) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.181828.2
Kharusi, N. A., Al-Farsi, Y. M., Chan, M. F., Al‐Adawi, S., Al-Mandhari, M., & Al‐Sibani, N. (2026) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.181828.4
Metadata
- Authors
- RHODES, S. M., COGHILL, D. R., & MATTHEWS, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-04-01
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1109-1120
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2063756651
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) (acceptedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Tenovus
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- hyperkinetic disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, executive function, neuropsychological deficits, boys, working memory, planning, strategy formulation, set-shifting, spatial recognition, paired-associate learning, inhibitory control, CANTAB
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Hyperkinesis, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Severity of Illness Index, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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