Cited by 126Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderDevelopmental and Educational NeuropsychologyNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Neuropsychological functioning in stimulant-naive boys with hyperkinetic disorder

RHODES, SINEAD M., COGHILL, DAVID R., MATTHEWS, KEITH·2005·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s0033291705004599

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although children with hyperkinetic disorder and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show disordered executive neuropsychological functioning, the nature of these changes remains controversial. Additionally, impairments in non-executive neuropsychological functioning have been relatively unexplored. Here, the authors describe the neuropsychological functioning of a sample of stimulant drug-naive boys with hyperkinetic disorder on a battery of neuropsychological tasks sensitive to impairments of both executive and non-executive functions. METHOD: Seventy-five stimulant drug-naive boys meeting diagnostic criteria for ICD-10 hyperkinetic disorder were compared with 70 healthy developing controls matched for age but not IQ on computerized tests of neuropsychological functioning from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and a Go/No-Go inhibition task. RESULTS: Boys with hyperkinetic disorder exhibited impairments on tasks with a prominent executive component--working memory, planning, strategy formation, attentional set-shifting and on a reaction time task. However, they were also impaired on tasks without prominent executive components--pattern and spatial recognition, spatial span, delayed matching to sample and paired associates learning. Contrary to predictions, no impairment was observed on the Go/No-Go inhibition task. CONCLUSIONS: Medication-naive boys with hyperkinetic disorder displayed a broad range of neuropsychological impairments. Deficits were demonstrated on tasks with and without prominent executive components. Impairments were not confined to tasks dependent upon frontostriatal functioning, cannot wholly be explained by deficits in inhibitory control, nor can they be attributed to intelligence or previous exposure to stimulant medication.

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“Children with P-ADHD often have response inhibition deficits (Barkley, 1997; McLean et al., 2004; Nigg, 2003; Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996; Rhodes et al., 2005; Schachar et al., 1995; Westerberg et al., 2004), especially on the stop signal task (Figure 3; Willcutt et al.”
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Isfandnia, F., El Masri, S., Radua, J., & Rubia, K. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105703 · Cited by 36
Performance of juvenile baboons on neuropsychological tests assessing associative learning, motivation and attention
Zürcher, N. R., Rodriguez, J. S., Jenkins, S. L., Keenan, K. E., Bartlett, T. Q., McDonald, T. J., Nathanielsz, P. W., & Nijland, M. J. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.02.011 · Cited by 35
“The CANTAB system is a standard method of assessing individual differences in cognition, behavior and emotion in school-age children (Luciana 2003; Rhodes et al. 2005).”
Method
Examination of Spatial Working Memory Performance in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Type (ADHD-CT) and Anxiety
Vance, A., Ferrin, M., Winther, J., & Gomez, R. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9721-4 · Cited by 33
A Review of the Use of Executive Function Tasks in Externalizing and Internalizing Disorders
Weyandt, L. L., Willis, W. G., Swentosky, A. J., Wilson, K. G., Janusis, G. M., Chung, H. J., Turcotte, K., & Marshall, S. N. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_5 · Cited by 38
Executive Functions and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Weyandt, L. L. (2009) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2009.17.6.1 · Cited by 34
A haplotype of the dopamine transporter gene modulates regional homogeneity, gray matter volume, and visual memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Shang, C., Lin, H., Tseng, W. I., & Gau, S. S. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718000144 · Cited by 31
Cognitive Function of Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a 2-Year Open-Label Study of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate
Coghill, D., Banaschewski, T., Bliss, C. A., Robertson, B., & Zuddas, A. (2018) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-017-0487-z · Cited by 32
Self-citation
Examination of neurological subtle signs in ADHD as a clinical tool for the diagnosis and their relationship to spatial working memory
Ferrín, M., & Vance, A. L. A. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02496.x · Cited by 29
Effect of an Ecological Executive Skill Training Program for School-aged Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Qian, Y., Chen, M., Shuai, L., Cao, Q., Yang, L., & Wang, Y. (2017) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0366-6999.208236 · Cited by 32
The Monash Autism-ADHD genetics and neurodevelopment (MAGNET) project design and methodologies: a dimensional approach to understanding neurobiological and genetic aetiology
Knott, R., Johnson, B. P., Tiego, J., Mellahn, O. J., Finlay, A., Kallady, K., Kouspos, M., Sindhu, V. P. M., Hawi, Z., Arnatkevičiūtė, A., et al. (2021) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-021-00457-3 · Cited by 28
“…& Tannock, 2005; Schoechlin & Engel, 2005; Schuh & Eigsti, 2012; Seng et al., 2020), with de cits becoming more pronounced as the cognitive load increases (Rhodes et al., 2004, 2005; Seng et al., 2020; Steele, Minshew, Luna, & Sweeney, 2007; Vogan, Francis, Morgan, Smith, & Taylor, 2018).”
Self-citation
Inhibitory control after traumatic brain injury in children
Sinopoli, K. J., & Dennis, M. (2011) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.08.006 · Cited by 32
“…combined subtype, exhibit poorer inhibitory control relative to those with the inattentive subtype and healthy controls (e.g., Desman et al., 2008; Rhodes et al., 2005), other studies have shown similar inhibition deficits between subtypes (e.g., Bedard et al., 2003; Huang-Pollock et al., 2007;…”
Background
Semantic conflicts are resolved differently by adults with and without ADHD
Segal, D., Mashal, N., & Shalev, L. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.09.024 · Cited by 29
Differential neuropsychological functioning between adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without conduct disorder
Lin, Y., & Gau, S. S. (2017) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2017.02.009 · Cited by 31
Association between the DAT1 gene and spatial working memory in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Shang, C., & Gau, S. S. (2013) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145713000783 · Cited by 28
“The association found between DAT1 and SWM increases our understanding of how this gene contributes to ADHD susceptibility, because SWM is not only one of the main deficits in ADHD (Kempton et al., 1999; Rhodes et al., 2005), but also one of the important endophenotypes of ADHD (Gau and Shang, 2010).”
Background
Evidence for a Role of Executive Functions in Learning Biology
Rhodes, S., Booth, J. N., Campbell, L. E., Blythe, R. A., Wheate, N., & Delibegović, M. (2013) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1823 · Cited by 25
“Tasks are performed on a touch-screen computer and are highly suitable for use with children and adolescents (Rhodes, Riby, Matthews, & Coghill, 2011; Rhodes et al., 2005).”
MethodSelf-citation
Effects of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a near-infrared spectroscopy study with CANTAB®
Matsuura, N., Ishitobi, M., Arai, S., Kawamura, K., Asano, M., Inohara, K., Fujioka, T., Narimoto, T., Wada, Y., Hiratani, M., et al. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-014-0032-5 · Cited by 25
“The computerized Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB®) is one of the most widely used methods to assess EF in pediatric clinical populations [19-22].”
Method
Developmental changes in the engagement of episodic retrieval processes and their relationship with working memory during the period of middle childhood
Rhodes, S. M., Murphy, D., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2011) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.2010.02014.x · Cited by 23
“…in both child and adult populations (Curtis, Lindeke, Georgieff, & Nelson, 2002; Luciana & Nelson, 1998; Rhodes, Coghill, & Matthews, 2004; Rhodes et al., 2005, 2006; Robbins et al., 1994) and typical developmental trajectories of performance have been reported (Curtis et al., 2002;…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Detrimental effects of gum chewing on vigilance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Tucha, L., Simpson, W. A., Evans, L., Birrel, L., Sontag, T. A., Lange, K. W., & Tucha, O. M. (2010) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.10.001 · Cited by 23
Memory and Self-knowledge in Young Adults with ADHD
Klein, S. B., Gangi, C. E., & Lax, M. L. (2010) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298861003741604 · Cited by 25
“Other studies, by contrast, suggest that episodic memory is impaired in ADHD (eg, Quinlan & Brown, 2003 ; Rashid, Morris, & Morris, 2001 ; Rhodes, Coghill, & Matthews, 2005 ).”
Neuropsychological functions among adolescents with persistent, subsyndromal and remitted attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Lin, Y., Chen, W. J., & Gau, S. S. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002390 · Cited by 22
“Thus, our findings are in line with the hypothesis of broad and independent contributions of target sensitivity, alerting, verbal working memory, spatial span, visual short-term memory, spatial working memory and spatial planning to ADHD (Rhodes et al. 2005; Wahlstedt et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Clinical and Neuropsychological Predictors of Methylphenidate Response in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: A Naturalistic Follow-up Study in a Spanish Sample
Vallejo-Valdivielso, M., de Castro‐Manglano, P., Díez‐Suárez, A., Marín-Méndez, J. J., & Soutullo, C. A. (2019) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901915010160 · Cited by 21
Effects of the dopamine transporter gene on striatal functional connectivity in youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Shang, C., Lin, H., & Gau, S. S. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719003830 · Cited by 18
Can Neurocognitive Outcomes Assist Measurement-Based Care for Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of the Relationships Among the Changes in Neurocognitive Functions and Clinical Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Pharmacological and Cognitive Training Interventions
Lee, S., Hill, T. R., Johnson, B. P., Testa, R., Priya, V., Spencer‐Smith, M. M., & Coghill, D. (2022) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2022.0028 · Cited by 19
Self-citation
The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery in the Assessment of Executive Functioning
Wild, K. V., & Musser, E. D. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_11 · Cited by 21
The relationship between cognition and mathematics in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review
Kanevski, M., Booth, J. N., Oldridge, J., McDougal, E., Stewart, T. M., McGeown, S. P., & Rhodes, S. (2021) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2021.1985444 · Cited by 17
“Indeed, short-term memory, impaired in many children with ADHD (Rapport et al., 2008; Rhodes et al., 2005, 2012), is crucial for establishing networks for learned facts and retrieving these from long-term memory via linguistic and spatial codes (Dehaene & Cohen, 1995; Holmes & Adams, 2006).…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Stimulant and non-stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy
Eaton, C. B., Yong, K., Walter, V., Mbizvo, G. K., Rhodes, S., & Chin, R. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013136.pub2 · Cited by 20
Self-citation
The interplay between executive control and motor functioning in Williams syndrome
Hocking, D. R., Thomas, D., Menant, J. C., Porter, M. A., Smith, S., Lord, S. R., & Cornish, K. M. (2013) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12042 · Cited by 16
Editorial: Acknowledging complexity and heterogeneity in causality – implications of recent insights into neuropsychology of childhood disorders for clinical practice
Coghill, D. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12284 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Differential effects of anxiety and depressive symptoms on working memory components in children and adolescents with ADHD combined type and ADHD inattentive type
Ferrin, M., & Vance, A. (2014) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0509-4 · Cited by 13
“During recent years, the CANTAB has been used to non-verbally evaluate memory, attention and executive function in different neuropsychiatric conditions, including ADHD [32, 60].”
Comparison of Neuropsychological Functioning Between Adults With Early- and Late-Onset DSM-5 ADHD
Lin, Y., & Gau, S. S. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717730609 · Cited by 13
“Six CANTAB tasks were selected in this study and classified into low-executive function (low-EF) tasks and executive function (EF) tasks according to the EF demands (Lin, Chen, & Gau, 2013), as described by Rhodes et al. (2005).”
Method
A haplotype of the norepinephrine transporter gene (SLC6A2) is associated with visual memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Shang, C., Chiang, H., & Gau, S. S. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.12.010 · Cited by 11
Self-Regulation of Visual Attention and Facial Expression of Emotions in ADHD Children
Kühle, H.-J., Kinkelbur, J., Andes, K., Heidorn, F. M., Zeyer, S., Rautzenberg, P., & Jansen, F. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054706289944 · Cited by 10
Abnormal Structure and Function of Parietal Lobe in Individuals With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review Study
Nejati, V., & Ghayerin, E. (2024) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.2022.2843.1 · Cited by 8
The Development of Associate Learning in School Age Children
Harel, B. T., Pietrzak, R. H., Snyder, P. J., Thomas, E. H. X., Mayes, L. C., & Maruff, P. T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101750 · Cited by 7
“diagnosis of brain disorders [15–18].”
Cognition and maths in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder with and without co-occurring movement difficulties
Kanevski, M., Booth, J. N., Stewart, T. M., & Rhodes, S. (2023) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104471 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Neurobehavioral Follow-Up of Children Exposed to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Utero
Cohen, L. S., Rhodes, S., Claypoole, L. D., Góez-Mogollón, L. M., Sosinsky, A. Z., Moustafa, D., Noe, O. B., McElheny, S. A., Cheng, L. J., Bick, J. R., et al. (2022) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.12788/acp.0074 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
DEHB Tanılı Çocuklara Uygulanan Bireyselleştirilmiş Gelişim Destek Programının Bozukluğun Semptomlarına, Algılama Becerilerine ve Aile İşlevselliğine Etkisinin İncelenmesi
Cesur, E., & Akyol, A. K. (2022) · Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal · doi:10.14812/cuefd.1019686 · Cited by 5
Neuropsychological Profile of Children with Hyperkinetic Disorder
Kohli, A., Malhotra, S., & Khehra, N. (2014) · Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1177/0973134220140303 · Cited by 5

Authors: RHODES, S. M., COGHILL, D. R., & MATTHEWS, K.
Affiliations: University of Dundee (GB)
ORCID: COGHILL, DAVID R.
MATTHEWS, KEITH
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2005-04-01
Volume: 35
Issue: 8
Pages: 1109-1120
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291705004599
OpenAlex: W2063756651
Cited by: 126
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 4.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) (acceptedVersion)
Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Tenovus
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: hyperkinetic disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, executive function, neuropsychological deficits, boys, working memory, planning, strategy formulation, set-shifting, spatial recognition, paired-associate learning, inhibitory control, CANTAB
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Hyperkinesis, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Severity of Illness Index, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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Neuropsychological functioning in stimulant-naive boys with hyperkinetic disorder

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