Ecstasy use and higher-level cognitive functions: weak effects of ecstasy after control for potential confounds
Abstract
Background: Although there have been several reports linking ecstasy use with lowered cognitive function, much previous research suffers from substantial methodological limitations. The present study aimed to examine associations between ecstasy use and higher-level cognitive functions, using a larger sample size than most previous research and better controlling for a range of potential confounds. Method: A cross-sectional cohort design assessed 45 currently abstinent ecstasy polydrug users (EP), 48 cannabis polydrug users (CP) and 40 legal drug users (LD). Standardized neuropsychological tests were used to measure attention, verbal, visual and working memory and executive function. Prospective memory function was also assessed. Results: It was not possible to discriminate between groups on the basis of the cognitive functions assessed. Regression analyses showed an inverse association between lifetime dose of ecstasy and verbal memory performance. A combination of drug-use variables, including measures of ecstasy use, contributed to prediction of attention/working memory. However, individual associations were small, explaining 1–6% of variance in cognitive scores. Conclusions: Although the results suggest that heavy use of ecstasy is associated with some lowering of higher-level cognitive functions, they do not indicate a clinical picture of substantial cognitive dysfunction.
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This variability may have affected results, as heavy ecstasy use may cause long-term alterations to serotonergic neurotransmission.
“This may have affected results, as it is possible that heavy ecstasy use causes long-term alterations to serotonergic neurotransmission (McCann et al. 2000; see also Bedi et al., 2008 for discussion of methodological issues).”
From Effects of MDMA on sociability and neural response to social threat and social reward (2009) · cites this paper as Bedi et al., 2008
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Passie, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867364.003.0008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Passie, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867364.003.0010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reasoning deficits among illicit drug users are associated with aspects of cannabis use
Fisk, J. E., Morley, A. M., Hadjiefthyvoulou, F., & Montgomery, C. (2014) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-014-0616-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Heijden, J. (2009) · Neuropraxis · doi:10.1007/bf03080165
Gallagher, D. T. (2014) · CLOK (University of Central Lancashire)
Neurokognition, Hirnfunktion und Psychopathologie bei beginnenden MDMA- und Amphetaminkonsumenten
Wagner, D. R. (2012) · Univ. Duesseldorf: Duesseldorfer Dokumenten- und Publikationsserver
Cognitive consequences of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine use
Montgomery, C., & Roberts, C. A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815298-0.00012-5
Hermle, L., & Schuldt, F. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55214-4_25-1
Passie, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867364.002.0003
The Research of Alexander T. Shulgin
Passie, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867364.003.0005
Passie, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867364.003.0013
Passie, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867364.003.0009
Passie, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867364.003.0003
Passie, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867364.003.0007
Passie, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867364.003.0002
Passie, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867364.002.0005
Passie, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867364.005.0001
Passie, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867364.002.0008
Passie, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867364.003.0001
Passie, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867364.002.0004
Rouse, E. (2014) · eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) · doi:10.25959/23236430
- Authors
- Bedi, G., & Redman, J.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Bedi, G.
- ORCID
- Bedi, G.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2008-01-29
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1319-1330
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2091529825
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2023: 19 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 5.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- ecstasy, MDMA, cognitive function, polydrug use, cannabis, verbal memory, working memory, attention, executive function, prospective memory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Attention, Cannabis, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Predictive Value of Tests, Severity of Illness Index, Students, Verbal Behavior, Cohort Studies, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Substance-Related Disorders
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