The DOI matches its Crossref record; 191 of the 191 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The network approach to psychopathology: a review of the literature 2008–2018 and an agenda for future research
Open accessAbstract
The network approach to psychopathology posits that mental disorders can be conceptualized and studied as causal systems of mutually reinforcing symptoms. This approach, first posited in 2008, has grown substantially over the past decade and is now a full-fledged area of psychiatric research. In this article, we provide an overview and critical analysis of 363 articles produced in the first decade of this research program, with a focus on key theoretical, methodological, and empirical contributions. In addition, we turn our attention to the next decade of the network approach and propose critical avenues for future research in each of these domains. We argue that this program of research will be best served by working toward two overarching aims: (a) the identification of robust empirical phenomena and (b) the development of formal theories that can explain those phenomena. We recommend specific steps forward within this broad framework and argue that these steps are necessary if the network approach is to develop into a progressive program of research capable of producing a cumulative body of knowledge about how specific mental disorders operate as causal systems.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The network approach, a relatively novel research method to explore various relationships across symptoms, has been widely applied in psychopathological and clinical psychiatric fields [ 32 , 33 ].”
From Anxiety and Depression Symptoms among Youth Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Network Analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference
Pearl, J. (2009) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511803161 · Cited by 11,653
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162101 · Cited by 8,012
Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper
Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1 · Cited by 5,715
Self-citationQgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data
Epskamp, S., Cramer, A., Waldorp, L., Schmittmann, V., & Borsboom, D. (2012) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v048.i04 · Cited by 4,844
Self-citationNetwork analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology
Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608 · Cited by 4,359
Self-citationA network theory of mental disorders
Borsboom, D. (2017) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20375 · Cited by 3,482
Self-citationA tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks
Epskamp, S., & Fried, E. I. (2018) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000167 · Cited by 2,918
Clark, D. M. (1986) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90011-2 · Cited by 2,422
Identifying highly influential nodes in the complicated grief network.
Robinaugh, D. J., Millner, A. J., & McNally, R. J. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000181 · Cited by 1,930
Self-citationComparing network structures on three aspects: A permutation test.
van Borkulo, C. D., van Bork, R., Boschloo, L., Kossakowski, J. J., Tio, P., Schoevers, R. A., Borsboom, D., & Waldorp, L. (2022) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000476 · Cited by 1,634
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Lord, 1968, Statistical theories of mental test scores
- Epskamp, 2016, Handbook of psychometrics, 953
- Epstein, 2008, Why model?, Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 11, 12
- Porter, 2015, Colonization by/in psychiatry: from over-medicalization to democratization, Journal of Ethics in Mental Health, Open Volume, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 880
The relationship between test anxiety and neuroticism: a network analysis approach
Yang, Y., Wang, F., Wang, Z., & Zhou, R. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113332 · Cited by 5
Liao, Y., Deng, X., Gong, J., Peng, Y., An, X., Zhang, Q., Liu, X., & Tian, X. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07435-6 · Cited by 5
Dynamic networks of prolonged grief symptoms in daily life
Pociūnaitė-Ott, J., Simoes, J. P., Greene, T., Franzen, M., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2025) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152660 · Cited by 5
Miola, A., Trevisan, N., Salvucci, M., Minerva, M., Valeggia, S., Manara, R., & Sambataro, F. (2023) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01649-z · Cited by 5
Huang, Y., Huang, Y., Lin, M., & Tao, Y. (2023) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.707 · Cited by 5
Kuzminova, M. V., & Солохина, Т. А. (2024) · Psikhiatriya · doi:10.30629/2618-6667-2023-21-7-31-45 · Cited by 6
Lee, C. K. K., Chan, K. N. J., Wong, C. S. M., Wong, H. S. G., Lei, H. C. J., So, Y. K., Fung, S. C., Chu, S. T. R., Chung, K. K. A., Cheng, C. P.-W., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1340101 · Cited by 5
Schenk, P. M., Hastings, J., & Michie, S. (2024) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.20701.1 · Cited by 6
Häfeli, X. A., Hirsig, A., & Schmidt, S. J. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-084821 · Cited by 6
França, A. B., Trzesniak, C. M. F., Schelini, P. W., Júnior, G. H. Y., & Vitorino, L. M. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211025264 · Cited by 5
A network perspective on animal welfare
Rowland, T., Pike, T., & Burman, O. (2021) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.7120/09627286.30.3.001 · Cited by 5
Calugi, S., Dametti, L., Grave, A. D., & Grave, R. D. (2022) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23755 · Cited by 5
Points of contact between network psychometrics and experimental psychopathology
McNally, R. J. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087231151505 · Cited by 5
Betz, L. T., Penzel, N., & Kambeitz, J. P. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11092-0 · Cited by 5
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Dissociative Disorders
McNally, R. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197542521.003.0009 · Cited by 5
An exploration of the DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptom latent variable network
Li, G., Wang, L., Cao, C., Fang, R., Bi, Y., Liu, P., Luo, S., Hall, B. J., & Elhai, J. D. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1759279 · Cited by 5
Siepe, B. S., Sander, C., Schultze, M., Kliem, A., Ludwig, S., Hegerl, U., & Reich, H. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hnw69 · Cited by 6
A Network Analysis of the Fear Avoidance Model of Genital Pain
Dewitte, M. D., Werner, M. A., ter Kuile, M., Engman, L., & Flink, I. K. (2024) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2024.2352540 · Cited by 4
Li, C. J., Tao, T. J., Tang, J. C. Y., Bonanno, G. A., & Hou, W. K. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.102 · Cited by 4
Network Analysis in Psychopathology: Theoretical Perspectives and Practical Challenges
Serafim, P. H. M., Hasse-Sousa, M., & Czepielewski, L. S. (2025) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-025-00438-y · Cited by 4
Systematic review of symptom‐level networks of alcohol use disorder
van Oostendorp, E., Huth, K. B. S., Linders, F., Luigjes, J., Goudriaan, A. E., & van Holst, R. J. (2025) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70028 · Cited by 4
Tang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhou, Y., Xu, Y., Zhang, H., Li, Z., Tang, Y., Xin, Y., & Xu, Y. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02011-1 · Cited by 4
Clemmow, C., Rottweiler, B., Pearson, E., & Gill, P. (2025) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2025.102055 · Cited by 4
Li, W., Zhao, Y., Yang, C. C., Wu, W., Li, J., & Li, X. (2025) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-025-01335-9 · Cited by 4
Zhao, S., Ji, S., Liu, Y., Han, Y., Wang, A., Fang, W., Yuan, H., Cheng, X., Guan, J., Chen, J., et al. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.08.009 · Cited by 4
Xu, H., Li, X., & Liu, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1681404 · Cited by 4
Hao, Z., Qu, W., Wang, Z., & Tan, S. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07410-1 · Cited by 4
Błoch, M., & Misiak, B. (2025) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152646 · Cited by 4
Li, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1628064 · Cited by 4
Xu, H., Li, Z., Wang, X., Wu, M., Liu, T., & Wu, Q. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/9815503 · Cited by 4
Qu, D., Che, L., Chen, P., Zhu, A., Cai, T., Wu, Z., Li, W., Lin, J. A., Liu, B., Zhang, Q., et al. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03467-w · Cited by 4
Hernández, D., & Tursunbayeva, X. (2026) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-025-00994-1 · Cited by 4
Zhou, W., Marquez, J., Boyle, L., & Taylor, L. (2026) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-026-02330-z · Cited by 4
¿El bienestar subjetivo contribuye a nuestra comprehensión del bienestar mexicano?
Heald, J., & Aguilar, E. T. (2021) · Acta Universitaria · doi:10.15174/au.2021.3143 · Cited by 4
Prediction of depression onset and development based on network analysis
Weixia, Z., Min, X., Tiantian, Y., Cheng, W., & Shubin, S. (2023) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2023.02129 · Cited by 4
Black, L., Farzinnia, R., Humphrey, N., & Marquez, J. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723002362 · Cited by 4
Chen, L., Tan, W., Xi, J., Xie, X., Lin, H.-C., Wang, S., Wu, G.-H., Liu, Y., Gu, J., Jia, F., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1324911 · Cited by 4
He, Z.-Q., Wang, Q., Xu, C.-Y., Yang, J., & Huang, Y. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079298 · Cited by 4
Network Approach to Work Addiction: A Cross-Cultural Study
Bereznowski, P., Atroszko, P. A., & Konarski, R. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241245414 · Cited by 4
Ruihan, C., Zhitong, Z., Zhiyan, C., & Hongge, L. (2024) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108164 · Cited by 4
Grabowska, A., Sondej, F., & Senderecka, M. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae397 · Cited by 4
Zhang, C., & Huang, J. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12631 · Cited by 4
Ruan, Q.-N., Li, C., Su, X., & Yan, W. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.082 · Cited by 4
Test Anxiety and Trait Anxiety in Adolescence: Same or Different Structures?
Liu, P., Bai, S., Li, M., & Zhou, R. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23794 · Cited by 5
Rosen, M., Betz, L. T., Montag, C., Kannen, C., & Kambeitz, J. P. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/35206 · Cited by 4
Chambon, M., Dalege, J., Elberse, J., Neuvel, J. M. M., Claassen, L., van Vliet, A. A. C., & van Harreveld, F. (2023) · Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries · doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2023.105169 · Cited by 4
Christian, C., Keshishian, A. C., Levinson, C. A., & Peiper, N. C. (2021) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13107 · Cited by 4
Soares, G. H., Santiago, P. H. R., Biazevic, M. G. H., Michel‐Crosato, E., & Jamieson, L. (2021) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12661 · Cited by 4
Papini, S., Dainer‐Best, J., Rubin, M., Zaizar, E. D., Telch, M. J., & Smits, J. A. J. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4zr25 · Cited by 4
Gates, K. M., & Hellberg, S. N. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.06.002 · Cited by 4
Langwerden, R. J., van der Heijden, P. T., Claassen, T., Derksen, J. J. L., & Egger, J. I. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1026900 · Cited by 4
A unified pathogenic hypothesis for mental disorders based on schismogenesis
Garcı́a-Toro, M., & Gómez-Juanes, R. (2025) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2025.105431 · Cited by 4
A network analysis of ICD-11 complex PTSD symptoms in the treatment-seeking population in Iran
Mohammadi, Z., Dehghani, M., Lavasani, F. F., Farahani, H., Ashouri, A., & Omidbakhsh, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06444-1 · Cited by 3
Garcia‐Rodriguez, I., West, S. J., Tirado, C., Hernandez, C. M., Fuentes, L. S., Perrin, P. B., & Moreno, O. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15060826 · Cited by 3
Gai, Y., & Berle, D. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70125 · Cited by 4
Kang, Y., Feng, X., Zhang, T., Yin, K., & Wang, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1635911 · Cited by 3
Li, S., Tan, J., Guo, Y., Li, J., Hu, R., Ge, J., Feng, Y., Zhao, W., & Luo, Q. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.10.016 · Cited by 3
Stašek, A., Galeotti, T., Canale, N., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Husárová, D., & Blinka, L. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00090 · Cited by 3
Yu, T., Luo, Q., Chen, T., Yang, Y., Yang, Y., & Peng, H. (2025) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.31083/ap47534 · Cited by 3
Ortiz, G. G. R., Granero, R., Maraver-Capdevila, L., & Aguirre-Quejada, A. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18010145 · Cited by 3
Driessen, J., Goekoop, R., Voerman, S. A., Mulder, A., Verhaar, M., Bos, J. H., Glas, G. G., & van den Berg, D. P. G. (2026) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026251414040 · Cited by 3
Yu, C., Liao, X., Ni, X., Ou, Z., Wang, M., Chen, J., & Huang, S. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108708 · Cited by 3
A Mechanistic Model of Symptom Dynamics: Implications for Statistical Network Analyses
Park, K., Waldorp, L., & de Vasconcelos, V. V. L. (2026) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2026.2710730 · Cited by 4
Estructura factorial y de red de una escala breve de soledad (RULS-6) en adolescentes peruanos
Ramos‐Vera, C., Choquehuanca, J. G., & Serpa‐Barrientos, A. (2022) · Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes · doi:10.21134/rpcna.2022.09.2.5 · Cited by 3
Goldman, M., Napolitano, S., Roberts, K. E., & Lichtenthal, W. G. (2023) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951523001487 · Cited by 3
Tomba, E., & Tomei, G. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13061814 · Cited by 4
Have gender stereotypes changed or not changed? Evidence from contents, methods, and consequences
Zhen, W. A. N. G., & Jian, G. U. A. N. (2024) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2024.00939 · Cited by 3
Network analysis of additional clinical features of (Internet) gaming disorder
Martončik, M., Adamkovic, M., & Ropovik, I. (2024) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.2021 · Cited by 3
Network structure of REM sleep behavior disorder symptoms in iRBD patients
Lee, M., Do, H. S., Hong, J. K., & Yoon, I. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.08.033 · Cited by 3
Sacchi, L., & Dan‐Glauser, E. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06479-3 · Cited by 3
Wrobel, A. L., Turner, M., Dean, O. M., Berk, M., Sylvia, L. G., Thase, M. E., Deckersbach, T., Tohen, M. F., McInnis, M. G., Kocsis, J. H., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116197 · Cited by 3
Herrera-Bennett, A., & Rhemtulla, M. (2025) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2024.2414479 · Cited by 3
Larsen, I. G., Liu, S., Schaffer, L. S., Rau, S., Ajumobi, T., Mahony, B. W., Warling, A., Whitman, E. T., Nadig, A., McDermott, C. L., et al. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725000765 · Cited by 4
Wu, N., Li, Z. B., Liu, T., Chen, X., & Ding, R. (2025) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221251347966 · Cited by 3
Liu, J., Ran, W., Wang, Z., Nie, Z., Huang, G., Yi, J., Yang, S., He, Z., Wang, Y., & Chen, G. (2025) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.70028 · Cited by 3
Does the structure of dynamic symptom networks depend on baseline psychopathology in students?
Martínez, A. J., Lemmens, L. H. J. M., Fried, E. I., Haslbeck, J. M. B., & Roefs, A. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104888 · Cited by 3
Song, Z., Liang, S., Liu, S., Song, L., Zhang, Y., & Yu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120545 · Cited by 4
The longitudinal network of social and emotional development in middle childhood
Santiago, P. H. R., Soares, G. H., McCormick, K. M., Gregory, T. A., Sawyer, A. C. P., Smithers, L. G., & Jamieson, L. (2026) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2026.101925 · Cited by 4
Montazeri, F., Buitelaar, J. K., Oosterling, I. J., de Bildt, A. A., & Anderson, G. M. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05723-8 · Cited by 3
Suicidal Behavior from a Complex System Perspective: Individual, Dynamical, and Contextual
Beurs, D. P. D., de Winter, R. F. P., Helbich, M., & Bockting, C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42003-1_35 · Cited by 3
Hazardous drinking in young adults with co-occurring PTSD and psychosis symptoms: A network analysis
Li, J., Jin, Y., Xu, S., Yu, Y., Wilson, A. D., Chen, C., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.261 · Cited by 3
Using network analysis to characterize clinical improvement during cognitive processing therapy
Schlesselmann, A. J., McNally, R. J., & Held, P. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104678 · Cited by 3
Suicidal Behavior in University Students in Spain: a Network Analysis
Soto‐Sanz, V., del Castillo‐López, Á. G., Pineda, D., Falcó, R., Rodríguez‐Jiménez, T., Marzo, J. C., & Piqueras, J. A. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70457 · Cited by 3
Expanding the system: A brief psychosocial complex systems model of internalising disorder
Monk, N. J., McLeod, G. F. H., Mulder, R., Spittlehouse, J. K., & Boden, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.014 · Cited by 3
Klasa, K., Sobański, J. A., Dembińska, E., Citkowska-Kisielewska, A., Mielimąka, M., & Rutkowski, K. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14078 · Cited by 3
Networks of Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic ReviewPreprint
Malgaroli, M., Calderon, A., & Bonanno, G. A. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wb53a · Cited by 3
On the role of causal direction and feedback in network theories of mental disorderPreprint
Isager, P. M. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wecvr · Cited by 3
Unlocking the potential of simulation studies in network psychometrics: A tutorialPreprint
Hoekstra, R. H. A., Epskamp, S., Finnemann, A., & Borsboom, D. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4j3hf · Cited by 3
Self-citationDo we really need a process-based approach to psychotherapy?
Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2021) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20889 · Cited by 2
Long, M., Gai, Y., Li, J., Li, M., & Shi, K. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70006 · Cited by 2
PRONA: an R-package for Patient Reported Outcomes Network Analysis
Bergsneider, B. H.-L., & Celiku, O. (2024) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btae671 · Cited by 2
Natural Kinds as Homeorhetic Dynamic Systems
Serpico, D., & Guala, F. (2025) · The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/735530 · Cited by 2
Yu, L., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Cui, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1530911 · Cited by 2
Zhao, Y., Qu, D., Wei, X., & Chi, X. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08123-0 · Cited by 2
Chen, Y., & Lei, F. (2025) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100934 · Cited by 2
Hu, X., Zhan, Y., & Wang, J. (2025) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s553199 · Cited by 2
Zhu, X., Yin, X., Jiang, S., Wang, M., & Cheng, J. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-100123 · Cited by 2
Wei, Z., Cai, Q., Jiang, X., Wang, C., Xiong, Y., Pan, S., Zhou, L., Dai, C., Yin, W., Wei, Q., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07439-2 · Cited by 2
Wu, W., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102801 · Cited by 2
Case-based systems mapping: advancing a multimethod approach to social complexity
Castellani, B. C., Schimpf, C., Wistow, J., Caden, C., Agarwal, J., & Barbrook-Johnson, P. (2025) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2025.2564177 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Robinaugh, D. J., Hoekstra, R. H. A., Toner, E. R., & Borsboom, D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Robinaugh, Donald J.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2019-12-26
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 353-366
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC7334828
- OpenAlex
- W2998636967
- Cited by
- 861
- References
- 190
- Citations by year
- 2026: 202 · 2025: 162 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 9.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (406.18.532)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH113805)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- mental illness, symptom networks
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Models, Psychological, Psychopathology, Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
