Team preferences.

“In decision theory, these ideas have been developed by Hurley (1989, p. 136-170), Sugden (1991, 1993, 1995, 2000) and Bacharach (1993, 1999).”

“Ample attention has been paid in recent years to collective agents, collective action, and collective responsibility [Bratman 1992; Gilbert 2001, 2006; Kutz 2000; List and Pettit 2011; Mellema 2006; Pettit 2007, 2010; Pettit and Schweikard 2006; Sugden 2000; Tuomela 2006].”

“The question where such group preferences come from is a problem for a theory of collective reasoning, and it is an important lacuna that accounts of team reasoning have not yet properly addressed (see e.g. Sugden 2000).”

“In these games, players may not even attempt to maximize their individual expected utilities but may prefer instead to maximize the collective utility of the group of players involved in the game (Gilbert, 1987, 1994; Hurley, 1989, 2005; Sugden, 2000).”

“Team-reasoning models (Gilbert 1987; Bacharach 1999; Sugden 2000) and equilibrium notions such as cooperative equilibrium (Halpern and Rong 2010; Capraro 2013) also take social welfare maximization seriously.”

“The motor system often performs comparably with an optimal decision maker (Wolpert & Landy, 2012), selecting the most beneficial solutions in the given circumstances.”

“It also links to the idea of multiply constituted rather than individually oriented subjectivities (Sugden 2000).”

“Such a perspective is notably explicitly argued for by philosophers like John Searle (2010), Raimo Tuomela (2013) or Brian Epstein (2015). The foundationalist view clearly gives social ontology a conceptual priority, in the sense that an appropriate scientific understanding of the social world cannot be attained witho…”

“All rights reserved. gesturing, or alternative forms of reasoning such as ‘team reasoning’ (Bacharach, 1999, 2006; Sugden, 2000) people form shared intentions.”

“19 The effect of harmed minorities in Potential Pareto Public Goods is related to the two main issues that arise in theories of team reasoning, namely what is a team? and what is the team’s objective? (Bacharach, 2006; Sugden, 2000).”

“Within this body of literature, Sugden (1993, 2000, 2003) and Bacharach (1995, 1997, 1999, 2006)1 have developed analytical frameworks from an economic point of view.”

“See the emerging literature on ‘team-reasoning’ in game theory which points to this possibility (Bacharach, 2006; Sugden, 2000).”

“Sugden (2000) takes a line very close to Bacharach’s, saying that the team utility function represents the preferences of the group and “It does seem possible in fact for people to construe themselves as members of a plural agent whose collective objective is contrary to the unanimous preferences…”

“On the contrary, they adopt what (Sugden, 2003) calls “team reasoning,” adopting “team preferences” (Sugden, 2000), leading to the formation of a We frame.”

“…(2007); Chen and Li (2009); Cooper and Kagel (2005); Eckel and Grossman (2005); Efferson et al. (2008); Filippin and Guala (2013); Goette et al. (2010); Guala et al. (2013); Güth et al. (2009); Hargreaves Heap and Zizzo (2009); Ruffle and Sosis (2006); Sutter (2009); Sugden (2000); Zizzo (2011).”

“Beyond the obvious case of group unanimity, Sugden (2000) provides a useful account of ‘team preferences’ that describes a coherent group preference in situations when individuals take themselves to be acting as members of a ‘team’ with a clearly understood objective.”

“In addition, Sugden (2000, 193) writes, “If two or more different combinations of strategies yield exactly the same utility for the team, this decision rule fails to determine what each individual should do.””

“Coordination on the (B,B) outcome in the baseline game, and on the ((In,B),B) outcome in the entrance game can however be explained by theories of team reasoning (Bacharach, 1999; Sugden, 2000, 2003).”

“Sugden (2000) and Bacharach (2006) theories of “team reasoning” also reject Gilbert’s notion of commitment and restrict normativity to the “ought” of logical inference.”

“In Sugden’s view, “a team exists to the extent that its members take themselves to be members of it“; Sugden (2000), p. 192. ality.”

“An individual engaged in team-directed reasoning appraises alternative arrays of action by members of the team in relation to [the] team-directed preferences’ (Sugden, 2000: 187).”

“Sugden (2000) emphasizes this by using the term ‘team-directed reasoning’ rather than the more established term ‘team reasoning’.”

“Therefore, if we think of acting rationally as performing those actions that best promote deontic ideality, our theorem would establish a connection between collective rationality and individual rationality.”

“Recently, considerable body of research has been devoted to the role of trust in shaping different kinds of transactions, especially in rural financial development (Fehr & Gächter, 2000; Sudgen, 2000).”

“To count as a rational agent, it is enough that a 23See, for example, Sugden (2000).”

“…Irving Janis in terms of a paradigmatic instance of what he famously coined “groupthink” 13Cf. also Gilbert (2001), who convincingly argues against Sugden (2000) for the stronger claim that “collective preferences” give sufficient normative reasons for the members of a group to act in the light…”

“…of knowledge (Blomberg, 2016; Rödl, 2018; Roessler, 2020; Satne, 2020), of norms (Bicchieri, 2016), of awareness (Schmid, 2013), of temporal coordination (Issartel et al., 2007; Oullier et al., 2008), of reasoning (Gold & Sugden, 2007; Pacherie, 2013; Sugden, 2000), and of agents (Helm, 2008).”

“22 In the theoretical economics literature, the preferred term is team reasoning (Bacharach 1999, 2006; Sugden 1993, 2000, 2003).”

“2007, p. 431); in terms of the self seeing itself as a distinct individual influenced by the group (Sugden 2000, p. 184; Self and Chatman 2010, p. 413; Ellemers 2010, p. 798); or as an extension of the self beyond the individual level (Brewer 1991, p. 476).”

“The answer seems obvious: each should choose right” (Sugden, 2000, p. 179).”

“The relevance of TR for game theory was first highlighted by Sugden (1991), who then suggested a game theoretical analysis of unselfish behaviours based on TR (Sugden 1993, 2000, 2003).”

“Team-directed reasoning is the kind of reasoning that people use when they perceive themselves as acting as members of a group or team (Sugden 2000).”

“…(2009), Zizzo (2011). the effect of ethnic identity, race, and religion in economic contexts.3 This empirical work was partly stimulated by a budding theoretical literature that aims at incorporating group identity into economic modeling (e.g. Sugden 2000; Bacharach 2006; Akerlof and Kranton 2010).”

“They argue that the distinctive mode of reasoning that generates a collective intention is team reasoning in which agency is attributed to groups and not to individuals (see also Sugden 2000, 2011 and Bacharach 2006).”

“We can of course talk of shared preferences, as exemplified by expressions like ‘we prefer’ (Sugden 2000), or the use of what is referred to as the ‘we mode’ approach (Tuomela 2006), but it is arguable that this is distinct from group agency.”

“Examples of economists/economic methodologists involved include Robert Sugden (1993, 2000), John Davis (2003a,b, 2006), and Michael Bacharach (1999), and some of the philosophers working on this subject are Margaret Gilbert (1989, 1996, 2000), Raimo Tuomela (1995, 1988 with Miller), Michael Bratman (1992, 1993) and Jo…”

“Bacharach (1999, 2006) and Sugden (1993, 2000) propose team reasoning as an alternative account of how people make decisions when interacting with others.”

“A similar idea can be found in the expression buon costume, that is, the “customary standards of acceptable or decent behaviour” or the “basic level of virtue which everyone is entitled to expect of everyone else” (Bruni & Sugden, 2000, 38).”

“Se e, for example, Sugden, R. (2000) 'Team preferences ', Economics and Philosophy, 16(02), 175-204.”