Cited by 795EFL/ESL Teaching and LearningSecond Language Acquisition and LearningLinguistics and Language Analysis

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INPUT, INTERACTION, AND SECOND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: An Empirical Study of Question Formation in ESL

Mackey, Alison·1999·Studies in Second Language Acquisition

DOI 10.1017/s0272263199004027

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Abstract

This study examines the relationship between different types of conversational interaction and SLA. Long's (1996) updated version of the interactionist hypothesis claims that implicit negative feedback, which can be obtained through negotiated interaction, facilitates SLA. Similar claims for the benefits of negotiation have been made by Pica (1994) and Gass (1997). Some support for the interaction hypothesis has been provided by studies that have explored the effects of interaction on production (Gass & Varonis, 1994), on lexical acquisition (Ellis, Tanaka, & Yamazaki, 1994), on the short-term outcomes of pushed output (see Swain, 1995), and for specific interactional features such as recasts (Long, Inagaki, & Ortega, 1998; Mackey & Philp, 1998). However, other studies have not found effects for interaction on grammatical development (Loschky, 1994). The central question addressed by the current study was: Can conversational interaction facilitate second language development? The study employed a pretest-posttest design. Adult ESL learners (N = 34) of varying L1 backgrounds were divided into four experimental groups and one control group. They took part in task-based interaction. Research questions focused on the developmental outcomes of taking part in various types of interaction. Active participation in interaction and the developmental level of the learner were considered. Results of this study support claims concerning a link between interaction and grammatical developme…

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The Role of Consciousness in Second Language Learning1
SCHMIDT, R. W. (1990) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/11.2.129 · Cited by 5,435 · cited 2×
“Thus, researchers have claimed that if interaction is to affect the learners’ interlanguage, learners may need to notice the gap between their interlanguage (IL) form and the second language alternative (Gass, 1991, 1997; Gass & Varonis, 1994; Schmidt, 1990, 1994; Schmidt & Frota, 1986).”
Background
The Role of the Linguistic Environment in Second Language Acquisition
Long, M. H. (1996) · Handbook of Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1016/b978-012589042-7/50015-3 · Cited by 3,927
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Lyster, R., & Ranta, L. (1997) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263197001034 · Cited by 2,629 · cited 1×
“Although a fuller discussion is beyond the scope of this paper, empirical work by Lyster (1998a, 1998b; Lyster & Ranta, 1997) on the use and perception of implicit negative feedback in classrooms as opposed to experimental contexts is clearly an important next step in deciphering the complex puzzle…”
Background
Untitled work
(1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,917
Interaction and Second Language Learning: Two Adolescent French Immersion Students Working Together
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Native speaker/non-native speaker conversation and the negotiation of comprehensible input1
Long, M. H. (1983) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/4.2.126 · Cited by 1,433
Problems in Output and the Cognitive Processes They Generate: A Step Towards Second Language Learning
SWAIN, M., & LAPKIN, S. (1995) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/16.3.371 · Cited by 1,407
Research on Negotiation: What Does It Reveal About Second‐Language Learning Conditions, Processes, and Outcomes?
Pica, T. (1994) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01115.x · Cited by 1,200

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References
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.022
Endnotes
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.021
Investigating Interaction, Feedback, Tasks, and L2 Learning in Instructional Settings
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Collecting Introspective Data in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research
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Common Problems, Pitfalls, and How to Address Them in Research on Interaction, Corrective Feedback, and Tasks in L2 Learning
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Moving Forward
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.018
Glossary
Mackey, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108589284.012
Self-citation

Authors: Mackey, A.
Affiliations: Georgetown University (US)
Corresponding author: Mackey, Alison
ORCID: Mackey, Alison
Venue: Studies in Second Language Acquisition
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 1999-12
Volume: 21
Issue: 4
Pages: 557-587
ISSN: 0272-2631 (ISSN-L)
1470-1545
DOI: 10.1017/s0272263199004027
OpenAlex: W2979053679
Cited by: 772
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 49
FWCI: 100.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Studies in Second Language Acquisition (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and Language Analysis
Keywords: second language acquisition, conversation, task-based interaction, grammatical development, negotiated interaction, ESL learners, recasts

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INPUT, INTERACTION, AND SECOND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: An Empirical Study of Question Formation in ESL

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