Cited by 43Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsHistorical and Modern Theater Studies

Progress in Clinical Neurosciences: Cognitive Markers of Progression in Alzheimer's Disease

Open access
Behl, Pearl, Stefurak, Taresa L., Black, Sandra E.·2005·Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques

Abstract

The objective of this review is to summarize the literature on Alzheimer's disease progression utilizing cognitive batteries to track change over time. Studies published in English and obtained through PubMed searches (1983-2004) were included i) if they had a longitudinal design and followed probable Alzheimer's patients diagnosed by National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III/IV criteria, and ii) if the techniques used for serial assessment were well-established in terms of validity and reliability. Longitudinal studies examining Alzheimer's disease progression report highly variable annual rates of change in decline rate. It remains unclear if this reflects disease subgroups or stage-related rate of decline. In conclusion a combination of stage-appropriate cognitive tests such as the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale and the Severe Impairment Battery, along with appropriate statistical methods to account for individual variability in decline rates, can capture the progression of Alzheimer disease and may be useful in further investigation.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/s0317167100003917

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 90

  1. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984;34:939-944.
  2. Jack CRJ, Slomkowski M, Gracon S, et al. MRI as a biomarker of disease progression in a therapeutic trial of milameline for AD. Neurology 2003;60:253-260.
  3. Giacometti AR, Davis PC, Alazraki NP, Malko JA. Anatomic and physiologic imaging of Alzheimer's disease. Clin Geriatr Med 1994;10:277-298.
  4. Hampel H, Mitchell A, Blennow K, et al. Core biological marker candidates of Alzheimer's disease -perspectives for diagnosis, prediction of outcome and reflection of biological activity. J Neural Transm 2004;111:247-272.
  5. Gelb DJ. Measurement of progression in Alzheimer's disease: a clinician's perspective. Stat Med 2000;19:1393-1400.
  6. Gauthier S, Panisset M. Current diagnostic methods and outcome variables for clinical investigation of Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Suppl) 1998;53:251-254.
  7. Galasko D, Corey-Bloom J, Thal LJ. Monitoring progression in Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39:932-941.
  8. Galasko DR, Gould RL, Abramson IS, Salmon DP. Measuring cognitive change in a cohort of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Stat Med 2000;19:1421-1432.
  9. Anonymous. The Canadian Study of Health and Aging: risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in Canada. Neurology 1994;44:2073- 2080.
  10. Lanctot KL, Herrmann N, Yau KK, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. Can Med Assoc J 2003;169:557-564.
  11. Rockwood K, Wallack M, Tallis R. The treatment of Alzheimer's disease: success short of cure. Lancet Neurol 2003;2:630-633.
  12. Braak H, Braak E, Yilmazer D, et al. Pattern of brain destruction in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. J Neural Transm 1996;103:455-490.
  13. Braak H, Braak E. Frequency of stages of Alzheimer-related lesions in different age categories. Neurobiol Aging 1997;18:351- 357.
  14. Ohm TG, Muller H, Braak H, Bohl J. Close-meshed prevalence rates of different stages as a tool to uncover the rate of Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary changes. Neuroscience 1995;64:209-217.
  15. Price JL, Davis PB, Morris JC, White DL. The distribution of tangles, plaques and related immunohistochemical markers in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1991;12:295-312.
  16. Bancher C, Braak H, Fischer P, Jellinger KA. Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer lesions and intellectual status in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease patients. Neurosci Lett 1993;162:179-182.
  17. Sasaki H, Arai H. [Neurotransmitter abnormalities in the dementia of Alzheimer type]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1986;26:1290-1293.
  18. Sasaki H, Muramoto O, Kanazawa I, et al. Regional distribution of amino acid transmitters in postmortem brains of presenile and senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Ann Neurol 1986;19:263-269.
  19. Perry EK, Perry RH, Blessed G, Tomlinson BE. Necropsy evidence of central cholinergic deficits in senile dementia. Lancet 1977;1:189
  20. Whitehouse PJ, Price DL, Clark AW, Coyle JT, DeLong MR. Alzheimer disease: evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis. Ann Neurol 1981;10:122-126.
  21. Iyo M, Namba H, Fukushi K, et al. Measurement of acetylcholinesterase by positron emission tomography in the brains of healthy controls and patients with Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1997;349:1805-1809.
  22. Bierer LM, Haroutunian V, Gabriel S, et al. Neurochemical correlates of dementia severity in Alzheimer's disease: relative importance of the cholinergic deficits. J Neurochem 1995;64:749-760.
  23. Launer LJ, Brock DB. Population-based studies of AD: message and methods: an epidemiologic view. Stat Med 2004;23:191-197.
  24. Wade JP, Mirsen TR, Hachinski VC, et al. The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1987;44:24-29.
  25. Joachim CL, Morris JH, Selkoe DJ. Clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: autopsy results in 150 cases. Ann Neurol 1988;24:50-56.
  26. Price JL, Ko AI, Wade MJ, et al. Neuron number in the entorhinal cortex and CA1 in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2001;58:1395-1402.
  27. Helmes E, Merskey H, Fox H, et al. Patterns of deterioration in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch Neurol 1995;52:306-310.
  28. Jobst KA, Smith AD, Szatmari M, et al. Rapidly progressing atrophy of medial temporal lobe in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1994;343:829-830.
  29. Hogervorst E, Bandelow S, Combrinck M, Irani S, Smith AD. The validity and reliability of 6 sets of clinical criteria to classify Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in cases confirmed post-mortem: added value of a decision tree approach. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2003;16:170-180.
  30. Jagust WJ, Budinger TF, Reed BR. The diagnosis of dementia with single photon emission computed tomography. Arch Neurol 1987;44:258-262.
  31. Johnson KA, Holman BL, Mueller SP, et al. Single photon emission computed tomography in Alzheimer's disease. Abnormal iofetamine I 123 uptake reflects dementia severity. Arch Neurol 1988;45:392-396.
  32. Wolfe N, Reed BR, Eberling JL, Jagust WJ. Temporal lobe perfusion on single photon emission computed tomography predicts the rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1995;52:257-262.
  33. Burns A, Jacoby R, Levy R. Progression of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39:39-45.
  34. Berg L, Smith DS, Morris JC, et al. Mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: 3. Longitudinal and cross-sectional assessment. Ann Neurol 1990;28:648-652.
  35. Piccini C, Bracco L, Falcini M, Pracucci G, Amaducci L. Natural history of Alzheimer's disease: prognostic value of plateaux. J Neurol Sci 1995;131:177-182.
  36. La Rue A. Methodological concerns: longitudinal studies of dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1987;1:180-192.
  37. Gould R, Abramson I, Galasko D, Salmon D. Rate of cognitive change in Alzheimer's disease: methodological approaches using random effects models. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2001;7:813-824.
  38. Nyenhuis DL, Garron DC. Psychometric considerations when measuring cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroepidemiology 1997;16:185-190.
  39. Heyman A, Peterson B, Fillenbaum G, Pieper C. The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). Part XIV: Demographic and clinical predictors of survival in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1996;46:656-660.
  40. Heston LL, Mastri AR, Anderson VE, White J. Dementia of the Alzheimer type. Clinical genetics, natural history, and associated conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:1085-1090.
  41. Kaszniak AW, Wilson RS, Fox JH, Stebbins GT. Cognitive assessment in Alzheimer's disease: cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives. Can J Neurol Sci 1986;13:420-423.
  42. Bracco L, Gallato R, Grigoletto F, et al. Factors affecting course and survival in Alzheimer's disease. A 9-year longitudinal study. Arch Neurol 1994;51:1213-1219.
  43. Bowen JD, Malter AD, Sheppard L, et al. Predictors of mortality in patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1996;47:433-439.
  44. Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL, Coben LA, Martin RL. A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry 1982;140:566-572.
  45. Berg L. Clinical dementia rating. Br J Psychiatry 1984;145:339
  46. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, Franssen E, Jenkins EC, Wisniewski KE. Clinical features of a neuropathologically verified familial Alzheimer's cohort with onset in the fourth decade: comparison with senile onset Alzheimer's disease and etiopathogenic implications. Prog Clin Biol Res 1989;317:43-54.
  47. Morris JC, Storandt M, Miller JP, et al. Mild cognitive impairment represents early-stage Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2001;58:397-405.
  48. Arriagada PV, Growdon JH, Hedley-Whyte ET, Hyman BT. Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1992;42:631- 639.
  49. Terry RD, Peck A, DeTeresa R, Schechter R, Horoupian DS. Some morphometric aspects of the brain in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Ann Neurol 1981;10:184-192.
  50. Terry RD, Masliah E, Salmon DP, et al. Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer's disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol 1991;30:572-580.
  51. Iraizoz I, Guijarro JL, Gonzalo LM, de Lacalle S. Neuropathologi- cal changes in the nucleus basalis correlate with clinical measures of dementia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1999;98:186-196.
  52. Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Roth M. The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Br J Psychiatry 1968;114:797-811.
  53. Katzman R, Brown T, Thal LJ, et al. Comparison of rate of annual change of mental status score in four independent studies of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1988;24:384-389.
  54. Teri L, Hughes JP, Larson EB. Cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer's disease: behavioral and health factors. J Gerontol 1990;45:58-63.
  55. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189-198.
  56. Mattis S. Mental Status Examination for Organic Mental Syndrome in the Elderly Patient. In: Bellak L, & Karasu TB, (Eds). New York: Grune & Stratton, 1976: 67. Rosen WG, Mohs RC, Davis KL. A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1356-1364.
  57. Roth M, Tym E, Mountjoy CQ, et al. CAMDEX. A standardised instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia. Br J Psychiatry 1986;149:698-709.
  58. Morris JC, Heyman A, Mohs RC, et al. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1989;39:1159-1165.
  59. Ballard C, O'Brien J, Morris CM, et al. The progression of cognitive impairment in dementia with Lewy bodies, vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;16:499-503.
  60. van Belle G, Arnold A. Reliability of cognitive tests used in Alzheimer's disease. Stat Med 2000;19:1411-1420.
  61. Crum RM, Anthony JC, Bassett SS, Folstein MF. Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and educational level. JAMA 1993;269:2386-2391.
  62. Burns A, Lawlor B, Craig S. Rating scales in old age psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry 2002;180:161-167.
  63. Uhlmann RF, Larson EB, Koepsell TD. Hearing impairment and cognitive decline in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986;34:207-210.
  64. Uhlmann RF, Larson EB, Buchner DM. Correlations of Mini- Mental State and modified Dementia Rating Scale to measures of transitional health status in dementia. J Gerontol 1987;42:33-36.
  65. Becker JT, Huff FJ, Nebes RD, Holland A, Boller F. Neuropsycho- logical function in Alzheimer's disease. Pattern of impairment and rates of progression. Arch Neurol 1988;45:263-268.
  66. Salmon DP, Thal LJ, Butters N, Heindel WC. Longitudinal evaluation of dementia of the Alzheimer type: a comparison of 3 standardized mental status examinations. Neurology 1990;40:1225-1230.
  67. Corey-Bloom J, Galasko D, Hofstetter CR, Jackson JE, Thal LJ. Clinical features distinguishing large cohorts with possible AD, probable AD, and mixed dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:31-37.
  68. Knopman D, Gracon S. Observations on the short-term 'natural history' of probable Alzheimer's disease in a controlled clinical trial. Neurology 1994;44:260-265.
  69. Mortimer JA, Ebbitt B, Jun SP, Finch MD. Predictors of cognitive and functional progression in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1992;42:1689-1696.
  70. Hogan DB, Thierer DE, Ebly EM, Parhad IM. Progression and outcome of patients in a Canadian dementia clinic. Can J Neurol Sci 1994;21:331-338.
  71. Fillenbaum GG, Heyman A, Wilkinson WE, Haynes CS. Comparison of two screening tests in Alzheimer's disease. The correlation and reliability of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the modified Blessed test. Arch Neurol 1987;44:924-927.
  72. Thal LJ, Grundman M, Golden R. Alzheimer's disease: a correlational analysis of the Blessed Information-Memory- Concentration Test and the Mini-Mental State Exam. Neurology 1986;36:262-264.
  73. Kaufer DI, Cummings JL, Ketchel P, et al. Validation of the NPI- Q, a brief clinical form of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000;12:233-239.
  74. Yesavage JA, Poulsen SL, Sheikh J, Tanke E. Rates of change of common measures of impairment in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Psychopharmacol Bull 1988;24:531-534.
  75. Doody RS, Massman P, Dunn JK. A method for estimating progression rates in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2001;58:449-454.
  76. Haxby JV, Raffaele K, Gillette J, Schapiro MB, Rapoport SI. Individual trajectories of cognitive decline in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1992;14:575-592.
  77. Stern RG, Mohs RC, Davidson M, et al. A longitudinal study of Alzheimer's disease: measurement, rate, and predictors of cognitive deterioration. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:390-396.
  78. Mohs RC, Schmeidler J, Aryan M. Longitudinal studies of cognitive, functional and behavioural change in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Stat Med 2000;19:1401-1409.
  79. Morris JC, Edland S, Clark C, et al. The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). Part IV. Rates of cognitive change in the longitudinal assessment of probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993;43:2457-2465.
  80. Marra C, Silveri MC, Gainotti G. Predictors of cognitive decline in the early stage of probable Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2000;11:212-218.
  81. Ward A, Caro JJ, Kelley H, Eggleston A, Molloy W. Describing cognitive decline of patients at the mild or moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease using the Standardized MMSE. Int Psychogeriatr 2002;14:249-258.
  82. Cockburn J, Keene J, Hope T, Smith P. Progressive decline in NART score with increasing dementia severity. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2000;22:508-517.
  83. Berg G, Edwards DF, Danzinger WL, Berg L. Longitudinal change in three brief assessments of SDAT. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987;35:205-212.
  84. van Belle G, Uhlmann RF, Hughes JP, Larson EB. Reliability of estimates of changes in mental status test performance in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Clin Epidemiol 1990;43:589- 595.
  85. Aevarsson O, Skoog I. A longitudinal population study of the mini- mental state examination in the very old: relation to dementia and education. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2000;11:166-175.
  86. Lucca U, Comelli M, Tettamanti M, Tiraboschi P, Spagnoli A. Rate of progression and prognostic factors in Alzheimer's disease: a prospective study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:45-49. 100. Thal LJ, Grundman M, Klauber MR. Dementia: characteristics of a referral population and factors associated with progression. Neurology 1988;38:1083-1090. 101. Ortof E, Crystal HA. Rate of progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;37:511-514. 102. Locascio JJ, Growdon JH, Corkin S. Cognitive test performance in detecting, staging, and tracking Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1995;52:1087-1099. 103. Burns A, Lawlor B, Craig S. Assessment Scales in Old Age Psychiatry . London, England: Martin Dunitz, 1999: 104.
  87. Monsch AU, Bondi MW, Salmon DP, et al. Clinical validity of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in detecting Dementia of the Alzheimer type. A double cross-validation and application to a community-dwelling sample. Arch Neurol 1995;52:899-904. 105. Pappas BA, Bayley PJ, Bui BK, Hansen LA, Thal LJ. Choline acetyltransferase activity and cognitive domain scores of Alzheimer's patients. Neurobiol Aging 2000;21:11-17. 106. Butters N, Granholm E, Salmon DP, Grant I, Wolfe J. Episodic and semantic memory: a comparison of amnesic and demented patients. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1987;9:479-497. 107. Troster AI, Salmon DP, McCullough D, Butters N. A comparison of the category fluency deficits associated with Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. Brain Lang 1989;37:500-513. 108. Joseph L, Wolfson DB, Belisle P, et al. Taking account of between- patient variability when modeling decline in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Epidemiol 1999;149:963-973. 109. Kramer-Ginsberg E, Mohs RC, Aryan M, et al. Clinical predictors of course for Alzheimer patients in a longitudinal study: a preliminary report. Psychopharmacol Bull 1988;24:458-462. 110. Mohs RC, Rosen WG, Davis KL. The Alzheimer's disease assessment scale: an instrument for assessing treatment efficacy. Psychopharmacol Bull 1983;19:448-450. 111. Gillen TE, Gregg KM, Yuan H, Kurth MC, Krishnan KR. Clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease. Calculating Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subsection with the data from the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacol Bull 2001;35:83-96. 112. Doraiswamy PM, Kaiser L, Bieber F, Garman RL. The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale: evaluation of psychometric properties and patterns of cognitive decline in multicenter clinical trials of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2001;15:174-183. 113. McLendon BM, Doraiswamy PM. Defining meaningful change in Alzheimer's disease trials: the donepezil experience. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999;12:39-48. 114. Schmeidler J, Mohs RC, Aryan M. Relationship of disease severity to decline on specific cognitive and functional measures in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1998;12:146-151. 115. Zec RF, Landreth ES, Vicari SK, et al. Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale: a subtest analysis. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1992;6:164-181. 116. Neri M, Rubichi S, DeVreese LP, Roth M, Cipolli C. Validation of the full and short forms of the CAMDEX interview for diagnosing dementia: evidence from a one-year follow-up study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1998;9:339-346. 117. Lindeboom J, Ter Horst R, Hooyer C, Dinkgreve M, Jonker C. Some psychometric properties of the CAMCOG. Psychol Med 1993;23:213-219. 118. Verhey FR, Huppert FA, Korten EC, et al. Cross-national compari- sons of the Cambridge Cognitive Examination-revised: the CAMCOG-R: results from the European Harmonization Project for Instruments in Dementia. Age Ageing 2003;32:534-540. 119. Blessed G, Black SE, Butler T, Kay DW. The diagnosis of dementia in the elderly. A comparison of CAMCOG (the cognitive section of CAMDEX), the AGECAT program, DSM-III, the Mini-Mental State Examination and some short rating scales. Br J Psychiatry 1991;159:193-198. 120. Nielsen H, Lolk A, Andersen K, Andersen J, Kragh-Sorensen P. Characteristics of elderly who develop Alzheimer's disease during the next two years-a neuropsychological study using CAMCOG. The Odense Study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999;14:957-963. 121. Forstl H, Sattel H, Besthorn C, et al. Longitudinal cognitive, electroencephalographic and morphological brain changes in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Br J Psychiatry 1996;168:280- 286. 122. Haupt M, Kurz A, Pollman S, Romero B, Lauter H. Symptom progression in Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39:639. 123. Williams RN, McIntosh DE, Eells GT, Dean RS, Hendrie H. Neuropsychological subgroups of dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Int J Neurosci 1996;87:79-90. 124.
  88. Schmand B, Walstra G, Lindeboom J, Teunisse S, Jonker C. Early detection of Alzheimer's disease using the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG). Psychol Med 2000;30:619-627. 125. Wild KV, Kaye JA. The rate of progression of Alzheimer's disease in the later stages: evidence from the Severe Impairment Battery. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1998;4:512-516. 126. Schmitt FA, Ashford W, Ernesto C, et al. The severe impairment battery: concurrent validity and the assessment of longitudinal change in Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1997;11 (Suppl 2):S51-S56 127.
  89. Panisset M, Roudier M, Saxton J, Boller F. Severe impairment battery. A neuropsychological test for severely demented patients. Arch Neurol 1994;51:41-45. 128. Peavy GM, Salmon DP, Rice VA, et al. Neuropsychological assessment of severely demeted elderly: the severe cognitive impairment profile. Arch Neurol 1996;53:367-372. 129. Albert M, Cohen C. The Test for Severe Impairment: an instrument for the assessment of patients with severe cognitive dysfunction. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:449-453. 130. Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, et al. A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2001;57:613-620. 131. Ruitenberg A, Kalmijn S, de Ridder MA, et al. Prognosis of Alzheimer's disease: the Rotterdam Study. Neuroepidemiology 2001;20:188-195. 132.
  90. Sevush S, Peruyera G, Bertran A, Cisneros W. A three-factor model of cognition in Alzheimer disease. Cogn Behav Neurol 2003;16:110-117. 133. Stern Y, Liu X, Albert M, et al. Application of a growth curve approach to modeling the progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1996;51:M179-M184. 134. Liu X, Tsai WY, Stern Y. A functional decline model for prevalent cohort data. Stat Med 1996;15:1023-1032. 135. Milliken JK, Edland SD. Mixed effect models of longitudinal Alzheimer's disease data: a cautionary note. Stat Med 2000;19: 1617-1629. 136. Xiong C, Miller JP, Morris JC. Testing correlation of cognitive decline at adjacent stages of dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2003;5:409-418. 137. Feldman H, Sauter A, Donald A, et al. The disability assessment for dementia scale: a 12-month study of functional ability in mild to moderate severity Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2001;15:89-95. 138. Fox NC, Freeborough PA, Rossor MN. Visualisation and quantification of rates of atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1996;348:94-97. 139. Fox NC, Scahill RI, Crum WR, Rossor MN. Correlation between rates of brain atrophy and cognitive decline in AD. Neurology 1999;52:1687-1689. 140. Mohs RC, Knopman D, Petersen RC, et al. Development of cognitive instruments for use in clinical trials of antidementia drugs: additions to the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale that broaden its scope. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1997;11 (Suppl 2):S13-S21.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Behl, P., Stefurak, T. L., & Black, S. E.
Affiliations
  • Sunnybrook Health Science Centre (CA)
  • Toronto East General Hospital (CA)
Venue
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques
Published
2005-05
Volume
32
Issue
2
Pages
140-151
ISSN
  • 0317-1671 (ISSN-L)
  • 2057-0155
OpenAlex
W2331186329
Cited by
43
References
4
Citations by year
2024: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
FWCI
0.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Alzheimer Society
  • Linda C. Campbell Foundation
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, disease progression, cognitive decline, cognitive markers, longitudinal cognitive assessment, disease stage, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, Severe Impairment Battery
MeSH terms
Alzheimer Disease, Cognition Disorders, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Disability Evaluation, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Neurology, Neuropsychological Tests, Predictive Value of Tests, Biomarkers, Disease Progression

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review