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Adrenocortical activity in at-risk and normally developing adolescents: Individual differences in salivary cortisol basal levels, diurnal variation, and responses to social challenges
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine adrenocortical activity (basal, diurnal variation, and responses to social stressors) in adolescents at risk for psychopathology. Salivary cortisol levels were examined in normally developing and at-risk youth with internalizing and externalizing symptoms ranging from subclinical to clinical levels. Adolescents showed expected patterns of diurnal variation, with high early morning cortisol levels and a pattern of decline throughout the day. Females showed higher midday and late afternoon levels than males, and these patterns interacted with risk status. Internalizing problems sometimes were associated with gradual rather than steep declines in basal cortisol production. Both immediate and delayed cortisol reactivity to a social performance stressor were associated with internalizing symptoms. There was no evidence of relations between externalizing problems and underarousal of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) system. These and other results suggest that gender is an important moderating factor linking psychopathology, development, and context with HPA axis functioning in adolescence.
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“two studies detected no elevation in cortisol after public speaking in 11–13 year old boys, but found the expected cortisol responses in younger and older boys and in girls (Gunnar et al., 2009c; Klimes-Dougan et al., 2001)”
From The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity (2011) · cites this paper as Klimes-Dougan et al., 2001
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Metadata
- Authors
- KLIMES–DOUGAN, B., HASTINGS, P. D., GRANGER, D. A., USHER, B. A., & ZAHN–WAXLER, C.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-09
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 695-719
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- OpenAlex
- W2023932614
- Cited by
- 352
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- adrenocortical function, salivary cortisol, diurnal cortisol rhythm, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, social stress, cortisol response, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Mental Disorders, Child, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Risk Factors, Saliva, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological
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