The Effects of Perceived Stress, Traits, Mood States, and Stressful Daily Events on Salivary Cortisol
Abstract
This study examined the effects of perceived stress and related individual characteristics, mood states, and stressful daily events on salivary cortisol levels. Forty-one "high stress" and 46 "low stress" subjects were selected on the basis of Perceived Stress Scale scores from a sample of male, white collar workers. Subjects completed Experience Sampling self-reports and collected saliva samples 10 times a day over 5 consecutive days. Multilevel analysis revealed that trait anxiety and depression, but not perceived stress, were associated with small but statistically significant cortisol elevation. No effects on cortisol were found for recent life events, chronic difficulties, trait anger, or psychosomatic symptoms. Distress, as reflected by the mood states Negative Affect and Agitation, was associated with higher cortisol levels, whereas Positive Affect had no statistically significant effect. Stressful daily events were associated with increased cortisol secretion, the magnitude of the effect depending on whether the event was still ongoing and on how frequently a similar kind of event had occurred previously. Although perceived stress, anxiety, and depression did not increase cortisol reactivity to daily events, we found evidence for reduced habituation to recurrent events in subjects scoring high on these traits. Mood appeared to play a mediating role in the relationship between stressful events and cortisol secretion. These results suggest that negative affectivity is not just a confounder but is related to elevated cortisol secretion during normal daily activities. The finding that even minor events and fluctuations in mood states were associated with increased adrenocortical activity points to a possible mechanism linking subjective experience to health outcomes.
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There is evidence that cortisol reactivity occurs when subjects are put into stressful circumstances, particularly those associated with an increase in negative mood.
“There is evidence that cortisol reactivity does occur when subjects are reactivity does occur when subjects are put into stressful circumstances, parti-put into stressful circumstances, particularly those that are associated with an in-cularly those that are associated with an increase in negative mood (van Eck crease in negative mood (van Eck et al et al, , 1996).”
From Recent life events, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and the onset of major depression in high-risk adolescents (2000) · cites this paper as van Eck et al, 1996
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- Authors
- van Eck, M., Berkhof, H., Nicolson, N., & Sulon, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Liège (BE)
- ORCID
- Nicolson, Nancy
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 1996
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 447-458
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2139434784
- Cited by
- 617
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 3.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- perceived stress, salivary cortisol, trait anxiety, depression, mood states, negative affect, positive affect, agitation, cortisol response, adrenocortical function, white-collar workers, psychosomatic symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Anxiety, Bayes Theorem, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Neurotic Disorders, Periodicity, Saliva, Sampling Studies, Self-Assessment, Severity of Illness Index, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Linear Models
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