Cited by 352Stress Responses and CortisolChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

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Adrenocortical activity in at-risk and normally developing adolescents: Individual differences in salivary cortisol basal levels, diurnal variation, and responses to social challenges

KLIMES–DOUGAN, BONNIE, HASTINGS, PAUL D., GRANGER, DOUGLAS A., USHER, BARBARA A., ZAHN–WAXLER, CAROLYN·2001·Development and Psychopathology

DOI 10.1017/s0954579401003157

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine adrenocortical activity (basal, diurnal variation, and responses to social stressors) in adolescents at risk for psychopathology. Salivary cortisol levels were examined in normally developing and at-risk youth with internalizing and externalizing symptoms ranging from subclinical to clinical levels. Adolescents showed expected patterns of diurnal variation, with high early morning cortisol levels and a pattern of decline throughout the day. Females showed higher midday and late afternoon levels than males, and these patterns interacted with risk status. Internalizing problems sometimes were associated with gradual rather than steep declines in basal cortisol production. Both immediate and delayed cortisol reactivity to a social performance stressor were associated with internalizing symptoms. There was no evidence of relations between externalizing problems and underarousal of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) system. These and other results suggest that gender is an important moderating factor linking psychopathology, development, and context with HPA axis functioning in adolescence.

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Authors: KLIMES–DOUGAN, B., HASTINGS, P. D., GRANGER, D. A., USHER, B. A., & ZAHN–WAXLER, C.
Affiliations: National Institute of Mental Health (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: HASTINGS, PAUL D.
GRANGER, DOUGLAS A.
Venue: Development and Psychopathology
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2001-09
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Pages: 695-719
ISSN: 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
1469-2198
DOI: 10.1017/s0954579401003157
OpenAlex: W2023932614
Cited by: 352
References: 9
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 2.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 26 d)
Locations: Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Keywords: adrenocortical function, salivary cortisol, diurnal cortisol rhythm, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, social stress, cortisol response, gender differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Mental Disorders, Child, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Risk Factors, Saliva, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological

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Adrenocortical activity in at-risk and normally developing adolescents: Individual differences in salivary cortisol basal levels, diurnal variation, and responses to social challenges

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