The DOI matches its Crossref record; 106 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stress response and the adolescent transition: Performance versus peer rejection stressors
Open accessAbstract
Little is known about normative variation in stress response over the adolescent transition. This study examined neuroendocrine and cardiovascular responses to performance and peer rejection stressors over the adolescent transition in a normative sample. Participants were 82 healthy children (ages 7–12 years, n = 39, 22 females) and adolescents (ages 13–17, n = 43, 20 females) recruited through community postings. Following a habituation session, participants completed a performance (public speaking, mental arithmetic, mirror tracing) or peer rejection (exclusion challenges) stress session. Salivary cortisol, salivary alpha amylase (sAA), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), and heart rate were measured throughout. Adolescents showed significantly greater cortisol, sAA, SBP, and DBP stress response relative to children. Developmental differences were most pronounced in the performance stress session for cortisol and DBP and in the peer rejection session for sAA and SBP. Heightened physiological stress responses in typical adolescents may facilitate adaptation to new challenges of adolescence and adulthood. In high-risk adolescents, this normative shift may tip the balance toward stress response dysregulation associated with depression and other psychopathology. Specificity of physiological response by stressor type highlights the importance of a multisystem approach to the psychobiology of stress and may also have implications for understanding trajectories to psychopathology.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Research confirms that adolescents experience increased physiological responses to stressors (Stroud et al. 2009), increased prefrontal brain activation during social evaluation (Somerville 2013), and increased difficulty implementing cognitive control skills in the context of emotionally evocative events (Cohen et al. 2016, Somerville et al. 2011).”
From Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems. (2019) · cites this paper as Stroud et al. 2009
In the citing paper
“the changes in physiological responses to stressors observed by Stroud et al (2009) during the pubertal transition “were not mirrored by differences in affective responses to the stressors””
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Stroud et al, 2009
In the citing paper
“a number of studies have hinted to the provocative possibility that ANS-associated somatic signs may not be as strongly linked to emotional expression (e.g., Quas et al, 2000; Stroud et al, 2009) or to optimizing risky decision-making (e.g., Crone & van der Molen, 2007) during development as in adulthood.”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Stroud et al, 2009
In the citing paper
“the changes in physiological responses to stressors observed by Stroud et al (2009) during the pubertal transition “were not mirrored by differences in affective responses to the stressors” (p.62).”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Stroud et al, 2009
In the citing paper
“and are prone to intensified emotional and stress responses to peer evaluation (15–18).”
From Development of self-protective biases in response to social evaluative feedback (2017) · cites this paper as [18]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
McEwen, B. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 · Cited by 6,733 · cited 4×
“, HPA, ANS) leading to a variety of physical and psychiatric disorders (Charmandari, Tsigos, & Chrousos, 2005; McEwen, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialKirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000119004 · Cited by 6,093
Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls
Marshall, W. A., & Tanner, J. M. (1969) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.44.235.291 · Cited by 5,963
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881
The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations
Spear, L. P. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00014-2 · Cited by 5,433
Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys
Marshall, W. A., & Tanner, J. M. (1970) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.45.239.13 · Cited by 5,147
The Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome during Adolescence
Witchel, S. F., Oberfield, S., Rosenfield, R. L., Codner, E., Bonny, A., Ibáñez, L., Pena, A., Horikawa, R., Gomez-Lobo, V., Joel, D., et al. (2015) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000375530 · Cited by 3,113
Eccles, J. S., Midgley, C., Wigfield, A., Buchanan, C. M., Reuman, D., Flanagan, C., & Mac Iver, D. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.2.90 · Cited by 2,616 · cited 1×
“Adolescents increasingly become focused on peer and romantic relationships, and show decreased reliance and focus on parents and family (Eccles et al., 1993; Steinberg & Morris, 2001).”
BackgroundSteinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83 · Cited by 2,517
Integrative Guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, Ysr, and Trf Profiles
Achenbach, T. M. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,454
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Spielberger, 1973, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC)
- Folkman, 2007, The scope of social psychology: Theory and applications, 193
- Gunnar, 2006, Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 2. Developmental neuroscience, 533
- Achenbach, 2001, Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms and profiles
- Kovacs, 1992, The Childhood Depression Inventory Manual
- Handwerger, 2008, Saliva alpha amylase stress reactivity in children and adolescents: Validation, contextual influences, and links to behavioral dysregulation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 607
Plank, A.-C., Panaseth, K., Gerlach, J., Mestermann, S., Fasching, P. A., Beckmann, M. W., Kratz, O., Moll, G. H., Lenz, B., Kornhuber, J., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07559-9 · Cited by 1
Carranza, A. F., McMillan, S. J., Guyer, A. E., Hastings, P. D., Robins, R. W., & Swartz, J. R. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-22900-8 · Cited by 1
Natali, C. Y., John, J. R., Mathew, N. E., Masi, A., Ong, L. K., Eapen, V., Lin, P., & Walker, A. K. (2026) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.107769 · Cited by 1
Turan, M. E., Usta, F., Alkhulayfi, A. M. A., & Yıldırım, M. (2026) · Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/21507686.2026.2620740 · Cited by 3
Liu, R., Lyu, Q., Liu, X., Zou, Y., Liu, J., Yu, Y., & Zhou, X. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04087-3 · Cited by 1
Anderson‐Butcher, D., Bates, S. M., Amorose, A. J., & Quick, S. N. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1833949 · Cited by 1
Vasilopoulos, F., Oliver, E., Nguyen, A., Ivison, I., Birrell, L., Varley, D., Rowlinson, K., Sun, Y., Saw, E., Karaolis, O., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2026.1827784 · Cited by 1
Akdağ, R., van der Voort, A., Tessensohn, L. M., Versteeg, J., & Vogelaar, S. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/94578 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Visual Stressors on Adolescents’ Neural Response: A Review of Laboratory Research
Duncan, O., Cook, E. C., Pimental, D., Wilkinson, K., & Champagne, A. (2018) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-018-0087-2 · Cited by 1
INFLUENCE OF EMOTION ON COGNITIVE CONTROL FROM ADOLESCENCE TO ADULTHOOD
Ordaz, S. J. (2010) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 1
Physiological stress reactivity in pediatric cancer survivors treated with chemotherapy
White, G. W., Rhind, S. G., Nathan, P. C., Caterini, J. E., Jones, H., & Wells, G. D. (2022) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.29881 · Cited by 1
Bernstein, R. M., Conte, I., Gulley, L. D., Miller, R. L., Clark, E., Lucas‐Thompson, R. G., & Shomaker, L. B. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03874-6 · Cited by 2
The Brain and Body’s Threat System Functioning in Those with NSSI
Carosella, K. A., Wiglesworth, A., Başgöze, Z., Cullen, K. R., & Klimes‐Dougan, B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197611272.013.14 · Cited by 1
Simmons, C., Rodgers, E. L., & Cauffman, E. E. (2023) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106391 · Cited by 1
Winnicott’s “Capacity to Be Alone” in Normative and Non-Normative Adolescent Development
Roberts, J. H. (2011) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
The Impact of 4-H Public Speaking Programs
Paul, E., Maley, M. H., McCarthy, M. M., & Eckenrode, J. J. (2015) · Cited by 1
Multidimensional Pathways to Adolescent Resilience: The Case for Emotional Intelligence
Davis, S. K. (2012) · Worcester Research and Publications (University of Worcester) · Cited by 1
Karolyne, H. (2014) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/1742 · Cited by 1
Investigating adolescents' experiences of using Mxit as a source of peer–support during grade 12
Kaufman, S. (2011) · Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University) · Cited by 1
Adolescents’ Negative Emotion Regulation in the Context of Peer Interactions
Shayanfar, S. (2016) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/24713 · Cited by 1
Ma, D. (2017) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University) · Cited by 1
Upton, F. W. (2017) · Human Biology · Cited by 1
Nelson, B. W., Pollak, O. H., Clayton, M. G., Telzer, E. H., & Prinstein, M. J. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rma69 · Cited by 3
Nelson, B. W., Flannery, J., Duell, N., Flournoy, J. C., Prinstein, M. J., & Telzer, E. H. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wvpt2 · Cited by 1
Nelson, B. W. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/uavs9 · Cited by 1
Behnsen, P. (2023) · doi:10.5463/thesis.135 · Cited by 1
Grasser, L. R., Erjo, T., Goodwin, M. S., Naim, R., German, R. E., White, J., Cullins, L. M., Tseng, W., Stoddard, J., & Brotman, M. A. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3396443/v1 · Cited by 1
Fear and fearlessness in infants : a developmental approach
Baker, E. (2012) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Anxiety and depression in young people: developmental considerations
Lau, J. Y. F., Hilbert, K., & Gregory, A. M. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139344456.004
Paysnick, A. A. (2015) · ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont)
Ruttle, P. L. (2011) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
Scott, B. G. (2013) · ScholarWorks @ The University of New Orleans (The University of New Orleans)
Adrenocortical Responses to Strangers in Preschoolers: Relations With Parenting, Temperament, and
Hastings, P. D., Ruttle, P. L., Serbin, L. A., Stack, D. M., & Schwartzman, A. E. (2011)
The organisational effects of adolescent gonadal hormones on behavioural development in rats
Kulbarsh, K. D. (2014) · St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository)
Johnson, A. E. (2013) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Ulm, U., Direktor, Ä., & Fegert, J. M. (2012)
Noel, M. E. (2012) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada)
Catherine, N. L. A. (2010) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0054453
A promising approach to supporting emotion regulation and preventing risky behavior
Broderick, P. C., & Jennings, P. A. (2012)
TOWARDS A BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL OF ADOLESCENT SELF-INJURIOUS THOUGHTS AND BEHAVIORS
Guerry, J. D. (2012) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/2g8n-2w68
Adolescent Bereavement: A Nuanced Landscape of Loss
O’Connor, M. (2015) · National University System Repository (National University System)
Rigterink, T. B. (2013) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington)
Bovell-Pitt, G. (2017) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Neuropsychological Functioning And Stress Reactivity In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Purdom, C. L. (2013)
Linking Social Anxiety and Autonomic Responses to Social Stress in Preadolescence
Kaeppler, A. K. (2016)
Affective and physiological response to a novel parent–adolescent conflict stressor
Cook, E. C., Duncan, O., Fernandez, M. E., Mercier, B., Windrow, J., & Stroud, L. R. (2018) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2018.1453494
Self-citationVanZomeren‐Dohm, A. (2017) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Klippel (2018) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20180321ak
「ネガティブな切迫性および刺激欲求が青年の自己破壊的行動欲求に及ぼす影響」の河野荘子氏・川本哲也氏のコメントに対するリプライ
太郎, 松., & 齊藤, 誠. (2018) · 青年心理学研究 · doi:10.20688/jsyap.30.1_62
Schorpp, K. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/eqge-2s37
Emotieregulatie aanleren aan kinderen en adolescenten
Wante, L., Beveren, M. V., Volkaert, B., & Braet, C. (2019) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2308-1_8
Pandemonium Versus Paralysis: The Internal Experience of Adolescent Girls with Headaches
Singh, N. B., & Björling, E. A. (2020) · American Journal of Qualitative Research · doi:10.29333/ajqr/8255
Woods, R. (2016) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2016-11621
The Value and Utilization of Social Evaluative Feedback: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective
Rodman, A. M. (2018) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
Nonverbal Behavioral Patterns Predict Social Rejection Elicited Aggression
Quarmley, M., Yang, Z., Athar, S., Zelinksy, G., Samaras, D., & Jarcho, J. M. (2020) · International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition · doi:10.1109/fg47880.2020.00111
Boyer, B. P., Nelson, J. A., & Holub, S. C. (2021) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12516
Lecarie, E. K. (2020) · Arizona State University Library Digital Repository (Arizona State University)
White, G. (2020) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Mechanisms of Anxiety Reduction in Animal-Assisted Interventions for AdolescentsPreprint
Mueller, M. K., Anderson, E., King, E. K., & Urry, H. L. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/etf46
CURRENT CONCEPTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-HARMING BEHAVIOUR
Igumnov, S. A., Davidovsky, S., Iskandarov, R., & Юрьевна, И. О. (2021) · Health Sciences · doi:10.35988/sm-hs.2021.182 · Cited by 1
Wong, A. S. K., Burns, S., & Woodruff, E. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-907926/v1
Predictive utility of a novel observational assessment of child coping
Stanger, S. B., & Abaied, J. L. (2021) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12559
From attachment insecurity to non-suicidal self-injury: The mediating role of emotion regulation
Miles, N. (2021) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.14788827.v1
(2012) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00672.x
Seclusion-Induced Psychosis in an Adolescent Boy
Gallucci, F., Vadakkan, C. M., Kompella, S., James, T., Kamboj, S., Parker, J., & Coffey, B. J. (2022) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2022.29217.bjc
(2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397916-2.00008-6
Harvey, N. D. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_532
The Impact of Social Support Sources on LGBTQ Adolescents
McCauley, K. (2022) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.5660
Assessment of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Adenuga, P., Picou, P., Dupré, A. S., & Davis, T. E. (2023) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24926-6_47
Understanding the Social Context of NSSI
Pollak, O. H., Clayton, M. G., Nelson, B. W., & Prinstein, M. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197611272.013.41
Hanes, J. (2023) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc2179265
Wong, A. S. K., Burns, S., Chen, S. Y., & Woodruff, E. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102459 · Cited by 1
Slimovitch, R., Lee, S. Y., Vergara‐Lopez, C., Bublitz, M. H., & Stroud, L. R. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01243-4
Self-citationModeling Marijuana Use Willingness and Problems as a Function of Social Rejection and Social Anxiety
Cloutier, R. M. (2019) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1505189
Espinoza, C. N., Goering, M., Dahlman, A. E., Patki, A., Tiwari, H. K., Richter, C. G., & Mrug, S. (2025) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.70026
Lee, S. Y., Brown, S., Vergara‐Lopez, C., Mathis, K. J., Bock, B. C., Nugent, N. R., Parade, S. H., Tyrka, A. R., & Stroud, L. R. (2025) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-025-02962-8
Self-citationWang, S., Zhao, X., Hu, W., Zhou, M., & Yang, J. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107535
Vorster, N. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97560-8_3
Murphy, K. M., Krüger, V., Stuart‐Röhm, K., Thorn, C., & Berry, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1736048
Implicitly tuned: The neural effects of social feedback on adolescent learning
Bosseler, A. N., Peterson, E. R., Stavropoulos, K. K. M., Mizrahi, J. C., Larson, E., Corrigan, N. M., Taulu, S., Meltzoff, A. N., & Kuhl, P. K. (2026) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101809
Mason, N., Dowling‐Guyer, S., Anderson, E. C., & Mueller, M. K. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16030391
Xu, J., Lv, X., Gao, M. M., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Duo, D., Ren, H., & Han, Z. R. (2026) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579426101217
De l’importance des médiateurs du stress dans le contrôle de l’immunité
Bacou, E. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c3e20630z2e84z4f0ez9c4ez2ff5647f0f03
Metadata
- Authors
- Stroud, L. R., Foster, E., Papandonatos, G. D., Handwerger, K., Granger, D. A., Kivlighan, K. T., & Niaura, R.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stroud, Laura R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 47-68
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC2700625
- OpenAlex
- W2124408454
- Cited by
- 610
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 12.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH65443, K23MH065443)
- National Cancer Institute (P50 CA84719, P50CA084719)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- adolescent transition, stress response, peer rejection, salivary cortisol, salivary amylase, blood pressure, heart rate, neuroendocrine stress response, cardiovascular stress response, developmental differences, stress response dysregulation, depression risk
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Affect, Blood Pressure, Child, Psychology, Child, Emotions, Ethnicity, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Mathematics, Peer Group, Puberty, Speech, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Racial Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
