The DOI matches its Crossref record; 141 of the 141 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prenatal maternal stress, fetal programming, and mechanisms underlying later psychopathology—A global perspective
Abstract
There is clear evidence that the mother's stress, anxiety, or depression during pregnancy can alter the development of her fetus and her child, with an increased risk for later psychopathology. We are starting to understand some of the underlying mechanisms including the role of the placenta, gene-environment interactions, epigenetics, and specific systems including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and cytokines. In this review we also consider how these effects may be different, and potentially exacerbated, in different parts of the world. There can be many reasons for elevated prenatal stress, as in communities at war. There may be raised pregnancy-specific anxiety with high levels of maternal and infant death. There can be raised interpersonal violence (in Afghanistan 90.2% of women thought that "wife beating" was justified compared with 2.0% in Argentina). There may be interactions with nutritional deficiencies or with extremes of temperature. Prenatal stress alters the microbiome, and this can differ in different countries. Genetic differences in different ethnic groups may make some more vulnerable or more resilient to the effects of prenatal stress on child neurodevelopment. Most research on these questions has been in predominantly Caucasian samples from high-income countries. It is now time to understand more about prenatal stress and psychopathology, and the role of both social and biological differences, in the rest of the world.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“First, the prenatal environment has far‐reaching consequences for child development (Glover, O'Donnell, O'Connor, & Fisher, 2018)”
From Birth of a Father: Fathering in the First 1,000 Days (2019) · cites this paper as Glover et al., 2018
Citations
Cites
Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13595 · Cited by 7,577
Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: evidence for action
Kieling, C., Baker-Henningham, H., Belfer, M., Conti, G., Ertem, I., Omigbodun, O., Rohde, L. A., Srinath, S., Ulkuer, N., & Rahman, A. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60827-1 · Cited by 2,449
Fisher, J., Cabral de Mello, M., Patel, V., Rahman, A., Tran, T., Holton, S., & Holmes, W. (2012) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.11.091850 · Cited by 1,798
Self-citationOberlander, T. F., Weinberg, J., Papsdorf, M., Grunau, R., Misri, S., & Devlin, A. M. (2008) · Epigenetics · doi:10.4161/epi.3.2.6034 · Cited by 1,432
The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2017
Kooijman, M. N., Kruithof, C. J., van Duijn, C. M., Duijts, L., Franco, O. H., van IJzendoorn, M. H., de Jongste, J. C., Klaver, C. C. W., van der Lugt, A., Mackenbach, J. P., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-016-0224-9 · Cited by 1,238
Van den Bergh, B. R. H., van den Heuvel, M. I., Lahti, M., Braeken, M., de Rooij, S. R., Entringer, S., Hoyer, D., Roseboom, T., Räikkönen, K., King, S., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003 · Cited by 1,181
Gelaye, B., Rondon, M. B., Araya, R., & Williams, M. A. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30284-x · Cited by 1,155
The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample
Heron, J., O'Connor, T. G., Evans, J., Golding, J., & Glover, V. (2004) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.08.004 · Cited by 1,151
Olds, D., Henderson, Jr., Cole, R., Eckenrode, J., Kitzman, H., Luckey, D., Pettitt, L., Sidora, K., Morris, P., & Powers, J. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.14.1238 · Cited by 1,122
Maternal antenatal anxiety and children's behavioural/emotional problems at 4 years
O'Connor, T. G., Heron, J., Golding, J., Beveridge, M., & Glover, V. (2002) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.180.6.502 · Cited by 1,070
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–273 of 273
Pränatale Entwicklung, Geburt und das Neugeborene
Siegler, R. S., Saffran, J. R., Gershoff, E. T., & Eisenberg, N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-62772-3_2 · Cited by 1
Abid, F., Ahmed, S., Fatima, S. S., & Noushad, S. (2021) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH (IJEHSR) · doi:10.29052/ijehsr.v9.i3.2021.420-425 · Cited by 1
Cohort Profile: A study of intergenerational risk and resilience after war and forced displacementPreprint
Wuermli, A. J., Hiott, C., Ugarte, E., Rahman, S., Elahi, M., Rahim, A., Ahamed, M. S., Roy, B. R., Akhter, R. M., Hossain, E., et al. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ph5zm · Cited by 1
Editorial summary: Perinatal stress, inflammation, and maternal-child mental health
Li, M., Xu, X., Zhu, Z., & Wang, W. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative · doi:10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100106 · Cited by 1
Influence of Transferred Prenatal Stress on the Future of Women's Reproductive Health
Семененко, І. В., & Barkovsky, D. Y. (2021) · Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini bìologìï ta sportu · doi:10.26693/jmbs06.01.018
FKBP5 gene expression as a biomarker for treatment outcome in depression
Ising, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817935-2.00026-x
Norr, M. E. (2020) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Epi-/Genetik der Emotionsregulation
Schwarze, C. E. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60280-5_6
The Influence of Maternal Childbirth Experience on Early Infant Behavioural Style
Power, C. (2021) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.57276
Liu, H., Liu, Y., Huang, K., Yan, S., Hao, J., Zhu, P., Tao, F., & Shao, S. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-686489/v2
Prenatal stress programs behavioral pattern separation in adult micePreprint
Rajendran, S., Kaci, M.-L., Ladevèze, E., Abrous, D. N., & Koehl, M. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475616
Preexistent chronic disorders, often indirectly affecting pregnancy
Peeters, L. L. H., de Leeuw, P. W., & Uiterweer, E. D. P. (2021) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2571-9_4
Stress Axis as the Locus of Gene-Environment Interactions in Major Depressive Disorder
Kahl, K. G., Reimann, M., Bauer, M., Bornstein, S. R., Wong, M.-L., & Licinio, J. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.11735-x
Liu, H., Liu, Y., Huang, K., Yan, S., Hao, J., Zhu, P., Tao, F., & Shao, S. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-686489/v1
Hiscox, L. V., Fairchild, G. F., Donald, K. A., Groenewold, N. A., Koen, N., Roos, A., Narr, K. L., Lawrence, M., Hoffman, N., Wedderburn, C. J., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4112755
TARGETING DNA METHYLATION ON TRANSGENERATIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF PRENATAL STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION
Kurnianingsih, N. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatry Psychology and Behavioral Research · doi:10.21776/ub.jppbr.2022.003.02.8
Ayuanda, L. N., Arifiana, R., & Susiatmi, S. A. (2022) · Jurnal Batikmu · doi:10.48144/batikmu.v2i2.1385 · Cited by 1
Stress as a Determinant of Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
Kim, B., & Matthews, S. G. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20792-1_10
Maternofetal exposure to glicocorticoids and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Vecchia, A. H. A. D., Sobh, K. S., & Vargas, R. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv6n3-235
The Relational Context of Early Development
Stacks, A. M., Rice, D. R., Allen, K. W., & Rabior, E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197549513.013.2
I Simpósio de Neurociências do Delta do Parnaíba
LINEUPI, L. A. P. D. N. (2024) · Jornal de Ciências da Saúde do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Piauí · doi:10.26694/jcshuufpi.v6isupl.2.5460
Yüksek Riskli Gebelerin Gebelik Deneyimleri ve Prenatal Distreslerinin Belirlenmesi
Kara, P., & Nazik, E. (2024) · Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.34087/cbusbed.1388994
Jeong, D. S., Lee, J., Kim, M. H., & Oh, J. H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24153697
Jeong, D. S., Lee, J., Kim, M. H., & Oh, J. H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24153694
Music and prenatal stress, anxiety, and depression
Sanfilippo, K. R. M., Stewart, L., & Glover, V. A. S. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863287.003.0002
Gondwe, K. W., Yang, Q., Khwepeya, M., Chipojola, R., Nkhoma-Mussa, Y. B., & Brandon, D. (2024) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2024.03.005
Sacchi, C., Vallini, S., & Girardi, P. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4714574/v1
Health, Well-being, and Popular Music in Africa
McConnell, B. B., Ceesay, H., Darboe, B., Gaye, M., Glover, V. A. S., Huma, H. B., Sanfilippo, K. R. M., & Stewart, L. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190081379.013.57
How to Promote a Stress and Smoke Free Start of Life?
van Dijk, W. (2024) · doi:10.5463/thesis.740
Enhancing Gene Delivery in NB-4 Cells: Overcoming Transduction and Selection Challenges
Leto, S., Gehlot, S., Sheth, B., Ratti, S., Manzoli, L., Divecha, N., & Fiume, R. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13221849
Sigwebela, S., McConnell, B. B., Waluwalu, N., Davies, T., Sanfilippo, K. R. M., Stewart, L., Field, S., Glover, V. A. S., & Honikman, S. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.25329746
Sacchi, C., Vallini, S., & Girardi, P. (2025) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2025.2530016
Wilson, R. L., Messiah, C., & Louis‐Jacques, A. F. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667555
Ya, L., Arifin, S. R. M., Pien, L. S., & Zain, S. H. M. (2025) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2025.2541946
Daniel, B. D., Dell'Anna, C., & Marchesi, C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-99720-4_19
Sörensen, F., Fransson, E., Skalkidou, A., Krägeloh‐Mann, I., & Derntl, B. (2025) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.71309
Physical and Psychological Experiences of Childbirth and Baby Behaviour
Power, C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05845-4_7
Attachment, Bonding, Transition to Motherhood/Parenthood: The Keys to Humanised Society
Power, C., & Stoodley, C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-95827-4_12
Besada, D., Docrat, S., Barrett, B. M., & Lund, C. (2025) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2025.100560 · Cited by 1
Jeong, D. S., Lee, J.-Y., Kim, M. H., & Oh, J. H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24153700
Jeong, D. S., Lee, J.-Y., Kim, M. H., & Oh, J. H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24153685
Jeong, D. S., Lee, J.-Y., Kim, M. H., & Oh, J. H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24153679
Liu, H., Liu, Y., Huang, K., Yan, S., Hao, J., Zhu, P., Tao, F., & Shao, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16907518
Liu, H., Liu, Y., Huang, K., Yan, S., Hao, J., Zhu, P., Tao, F., & Shao, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16907503
Jeong, D. S., Lee, J.-Y., Kim, M. H., & Oh, J. H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24153682
Jeong, D. S., Lee, J.-Y., Kim, M. H., & Oh, J. H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24153688
Liu, H., Liu, Y., Huang, K., Yan, S., Hao, J., Zhu, P., Tao, F., & Shao, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16907509
Liu, H., Liu, Y., Huang, K., Yan, S., Hao, J., Zhu, P., Tao, F., & Shao, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16907515
Jeong, D. S., Lee, J.-Y., Kim, M. H., & Oh, J. H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24153691
Liu, H., Liu, Y., Huang, K., Yan, S., Hao, J., Zhu, P., Tao, F., & Shao, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16907506
Jeong, D. S., Lee, J.-Y., Kim, M. H., & Oh, J. H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24153676
From Conception to Delivery: Potential Sources of Maternal Stress
Castro, R. T. A., Tobón, A. L., Messerli‐Bürgy, N., & Nazzari, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-09245-8_2
Prasad, C. S., & Maheshwari, A. (2026) · Newborn · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0147 · Cited by 1
Matsuyama, S., Hudepohl, L., Matsuyama, K., Li, S.-Y., Ginugu, M., Gu, X., Kofron, M. J., Ravindra, V., Shoda, T., & DeFalco, T. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702066
Sullivan, A. D. W., Barrett, E. S., Sullivan, A., Coccia, M., Noroña-Zhou, A. N., Collett, B. R., Derefinko, K. J., Roubinov, D. S., Carroll, K. N., Nguyen, R. H. N., et al. (2026) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001478
Prenatal and Postnatal Maternal Psychological Distress and the Metabolomic Profile of Human Milk
Ryan, N., Sundekilde, U. K., Dickens, A. M., Kalant, H.-M., Leahy‐Warren, P., Philpott, L. F., Mulcahy, H., Lamichhane, S., Isokääntä, H., Perasto, L., et al. (2026) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101531
Krawczyk, A., Czerwińska‐Osipiak, A., Wójcicka, L., Michalik, A., & Gruszecka, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1832201
Belay, D. M., Dadi, A. F., Kassie, Y. T., Bayih, W. A., Derseh, B. T., Birhane, B. M., Leckning, B., & Guthridge, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1850017
López‐Morales, H., Sosa, J. M., Cánepa, E. T., Faas, A. E., Schrott, G. D., Frittayón, C., López, M., & Urquijo, S. (2026) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106603
Zhou, A. M., Molina, N. C., Maylott, S. E., Compton, A. M., Neff, D., Gao, M. (., Denherder, S., Bruce, M. D., Raby, K. L., Conradt, E., et al. (2026) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/10445463261463074
Khoury, J. E., Giles, L., Pattison, M., Tulipan, T., Allen, V., Campbell-Yeo, M. L., & Perrot, T. S. (2026) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.70180
Rouhzendeh, S., Shahnazi, M., Abbasalizadeh, F., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2026) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-026-02405-x
Masiukovichi, N., Caudle, W. M., Masiukovichi, T., & Nikoleishvili, E. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14152247
Amhaz¹, A., Ortiz², V. S., Heraclides, A., & Prodromou⁴, M. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10524801/v1
Szczepanska‐Sadowska, E. K. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27167309
Chowdhury, R. I., Ahammed, S., Chowdhury, R., Sheikh, S., Wahab, S., Siddiqua, A., Altemani, F. H., & Islam, M. T. (2026) · Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/pnp.70017
Kraft, B., MacSweeney, N., Page, C. M., Lyle, R., Tsotsi, S., Ulset, V. S., Chen, C., Tamnes, C. K., Czajkowski, N. O., Dissen, I. A. Ø., et al. (2026) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291726105431
López‐Morales, H., Sosa, J. M., Schrott, G. D., Trudo, R. G., Zamora, E. V., del Valle, M. V., López, M., & Urquijo, S. (2026) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2026.101997
Mei, G., Gan, J., Xia, Y., & Chen, B. (2026) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.70765
Dyadic coping affect mothers’ and fathers’ depressive symptoms during pregnancy
Letot, J., Devouche, É., & Untas, A. (2026) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2026.2731909
Maternal and perinatal risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis
Davies, J., Gely, Y. I., Yeramilli, V. A., & Martin, C. (2026) · World Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1136/wjps-2026-001205
Metadata
- Authors
- Glover, V., O'Donnell, K. J., O'Connor, T. G., & Fisher, J.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Glover, Vivette
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2018-08
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 843-854
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- OpenAlex
- W2885071751
- Cited by
- 271
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 20.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- prenatal stress, maternal depression, maternal anxiety, fetal programming, psychopathology, placenta, gene-environment interaction, epigenetics, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cytokines, interpersonal violence, war, nutritional deficiency, temperature extremes, microbiome, ethnic differences, child neurodevelopment, cross-cultural comparison
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Brain, Child, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Depressive Disorder, Developing Countries, Female, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Infant, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Psychopathology, Psychosocial Deprivation, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological, Fetal Development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review