Blood-injection-injury phobia in older adults
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: This study aims to (i) estimate the prevalence of blood-injection-injury phobia (BIIP) diagnosed as present at any time during the life prior to the interview, with or without another Specific Phobia diagnosed as present during the 12 months prior to the interview, (ii) characterize types and frequencies of co-occurring fears, (iii) evaluate the association with chronic medical conditions and lifetime psychiatric comorbidity, and (iv) explore medical service use associations in a nationally representative sample of older adults. METHODS: A sample of 8,205 older adults, aged 65 years or older, was derived from Wave 1 of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). RESULTS: The weighted lifetime prevalence of BIIP with and without 12-month Specific Phobia was 0.6% (95% CI: 0.4-0.8) and 4.2% (95% CI: 3.7-4.8), respectively, and these two groups ranked similarly in terms of sociodemographic, health, and psychiatric characteristics. BIIP most frequently co-occurred with other lifetime fears, and was positively associated with hypertension and lifetime history of anxiety and personality disorders after controlling for sociodemographic and psychiatric confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that lifetime BIIP may bear mental and physical health significance in older adults.
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Over time, these mechanisms cause a reduction or avoidance of health care services including preventive measures.
“Over time, these mechanisms cause a reduction or avoidance of health care services including preventive measures (9, 29, 31).”
From Combined Fainting and Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures as Significant Therapy Hurdles in Blood-Injury-Injection Phobia: A Mini-Review and Case Report (2022) · cites this paper as [31]
The introduction describes avoidance of injections and notes low health-service use among older adults generally. The Discussion raises preventive lifestyle and treatment-seeking differences as a possibility, but says the study could not determine whether BIIP affects health behaviors or treatment seeking. It does not establish that these mechanisms cause reduced or avoided health care, including preventive services, over time. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredContemporary prevalence estimates of BII phobia range between 2 and 4%.
“Contemporary prevalence estimates range between 2 and 4% (29–33).”
From Combined Fainting and Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures as Significant Therapy Hurdles in Blood-Injury-Injection Phobia: A Mini-Review and Case Report (2022) · cites this paper as [31]
The Discussion reports a 3.5% lifetime estimate from an earlier study, which falls within the claimed range. But this paper’s Results report 4.2% lifetime prevalence among older U.S. adults and 0.6% for those also meeting 12-month diagnostic criteria; the Discussion also cites a 7.9% estimate among older Swedish adults. It therefore does not establish a general 2–4% range. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBII phobia is associated with psychiatric disorders including other specific phobias and personality, mood, and anxiety disorders.
“It was found to be associated with psychiatric disorders including other specific phobias and personality, mood, and anxiety disorders (10, 31, 36).”
From Combined Fainting and Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures as Significant Therapy Hurdles in Blood-Injury-Injection Phobia: A Mini-Review and Case Report (2022) · cites this paper as [31]
BII phobia is linked to cardiovascular complications in diabetics and elevated blood pressure in elder BII phobia patients.
“It was also linked to cardiovascular complications in diabetics and elevated blood pressure in elder BII phobia patients (31, 32).”
From Combined Fainting and Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures as Significant Therapy Hurdles in Blood-Injury-Injection Phobia: A Mini-Review and Case Report (2022) · cites this paper as [31]
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- Authors
- Miloyan, B., & Eaton, W. W.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Miloyan, Beyon
- Venue
- International Psychogeriatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 897-902
- ISSN
- 1041-6102 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5201101
- OpenAlex
- W2344704460
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 3.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Psychogeriatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (026652)
- National Institute on Aging (T32AG000247)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- blood-injection-injury phobia, specific phobia, older adults, lifetime prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, hypertension, medical service use, health conditions
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety Disorders, Blood, Fear, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Phobic Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, United States, Prevalence
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