Cited by 623Intramuscular injections and effectsDental Anxiety and Anesthesia TechniquesPediatric Pain Management Techniques

The fear of needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Open access
McLenon, Jennifer, Rogers, Mary A.M.·2019·Journal of Advanced Nursing

Abstract

AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of needle fear and summarize the characteristics of individuals who exhibit this fear. BACKGROUND: Injections are among the most common medical procedures, yet fear of needles can result in avoidance of preventive measures and treatment. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (1966-2017), Embase (1947-2017), PsycINFO (1967-2017), and CINAHL (1961-2017) were searched, with no restrictions by age, gender, race, language, or country. REVIEW METHODS: The prevalence of needle fear was calculated and restricted maximum likelihood random effects models were used for meta-analysis and meta-regression. RESULTS: The search yielded 119 original research articles which are included in this review, of which 35 contained sufficient information for meta-analysis. The majority of children exhibited needle fear, while prevalence estimates for needle fear ranged from 20-50% in adolescents and 20-30% in young adults. In general, needle fear decreased with increasing age. Both needle fear and needle phobia were more prevalent in females than males. Avoidance of influenza vaccination because of needle fear occurred in 16% of adult patients, 27% of hospital employees, 18% of workers at long-term care facilities, and 8% of healthcare workers at hospitals. Needle fear was common when undergoing venipuncture, blood donation, and in those with chronic conditions requiring injection. CONCLUSIONS: Fear of needles is common in patients requiring preventive care and in those undergoing treatment. Greater attention should be directed to interventions which alleviate fear in high-risk groups.

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  • Needle fear is common in patients requiring preventive health care: avoidance of influenza vaccination caused by needle fear was found in 16% of adult patients, 27% of hospital employees, 18% of employees in care facilities, and 8% of healthcare professionals in a clinical setting.

    “a contemporary review and meta-analysis by McLenon and Rogers from 2019 found that needle fear is common in patients requiring preventive health care: avoidance of influenza vaccination caused by needle fear was found in 16% of adult patients, 27% of hospital employees, 18% of employees in care facilities, and 8% of healthcare professionals in a clinical setting (40).”

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Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Altman, G. B., Wcisel, M. A., & Kerestzes, P. (Eds.) (2010). Fundamental & advanced nursing skills, 3rd ed. (p. 2010). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
  2. Davis, L. A., Ku, B. S., Griffin, B., & Fields, J. M. (2013). Prevalence of needle phobia in patients with difficult venous access. Academic Emergency Medicine, 20(5), S141.
  3. Joanna Briggs Institute. (2015). The Joanna Briggs institute method for sys- tematic review research quick reference guide. Version 4.0. Adelaide: Queen's Joanna Briggs Collaboration.
  4. Merckelbach, H., Muris, P., de Jong, P. J., & de Jongh, A. (1999). Disgust sensitivity, blood-injection-injury fear and dental anxiety. Clinical Psy- chology & Psychotherapy, 6(4), 279-285.
  5. Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2012). Modern epidemiology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Third edition.
  6. Stroup, D. F., Berlin, J. A., Morton, S. C., Olkin, I., Williamson, G. D., Rennie, D., … Thacker, S. B. (2000). Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. JAMA, 283(15), 2008-2012.
  7. Terra, M. B., Garcez, J. P., & Noll, B. (2007). Specific phobia: a transversal study with one hundred and three outpatients. Rev Psiquiatr Clin, 34(2), 68-73.
  8. van Maanen, E. J., van Dinter, N., Versloot, J., & Veerkamp, J. S. (2009). Fear of dental treatment among children. Influence of experience and psychological functioning. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd, 116(1), 3-8.
  9. Zambanini, A., & Feher, M. D. (1997). Needle phobia in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine, 14(4), 321-323.

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Authors
McLenon, J., & Rogers, M. A. M.
Affiliations
University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author
Rogers, Mary A.M.
Venue
Journal of Advanced Nursing
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2018-09-11
Volume
75
Issue
1
Pages
30-42
ISSN
  • 0309-2402 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2648
OpenAlex
W2886039652
Cited by
623
References
145
Citations by year
2026: 87 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 102 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 17
FWCI
8.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Advanced Nursing (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Intramuscular injections and effects
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Dental Anxiety and Anesthesia Techniques
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
Keywords
needle fear, needle phobia, prevalence, children, adolescents, young adults, sex differences, venipuncture, blood donation, healthcare workers, long-term care workers, age differences
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Fear, Female, Humans, Injections, Male, Middle Aged, Needles, Phobic Disorders, Sex Factors, Incidence, Young Adult

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