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MULTIPLE ACCESS POINTS AND LEVELS OF ENTRY (MAPLE): ENSURING CHOICE, ACCESSIBILITY AND EQUITY FOR CBT SERVICES
Abstract
Mental health problems contribute 23% to the global burden of disease in developed countries (WHO, 1999). In the U.K., recent legislation attempts to address this by modernizing mental health services so that they provide evidence based, accessible and non-discriminatory services for both serious and common mental health problems. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has a robust evidence base that fits very well with the thrust of policy. However, CBT's delivery systems are rooted in traditional service models, which pay little attention to the growing evidence base for brief and single-strand treatments over complex or multi-strand interventions. Services characterized by 9-5 working, hourly appointments and face-to-face therapy disenfranchise the majority of people who would benefit from CBT. In this paper we argue that the evidence exists for service protocols that promote equity, accessibility and choice and that CBT services should be organized around multiple levels of entry and service delivery rather than the more usual secondary care referral systems.
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“Therefore, treatment costs tend to be higher compared to primary care (Spijker et al., 2013) in combination with long waiting lists due to treatment duration and limited financial resources (Bower and Gilbody, 2005, Lovell and Richards, 2000).”
From Development and initial evaluation of blended cognitive behavioural treatment for major depression in routine specialized mental health care (2016) · cites this paper as Lovell and Richards, 2000
In the citing paper
“However, many patients do not access these treatments for a number of reasons, such as concerns over side effects (Weisberg, Dyck, Culpepper, & Keller, 2007), patient or therapist unwillingness to engage in exposure therapy, lack of trained therapists (Gunter & Whittal, 2010), and scheduling difficulties (Lovell & Richards, 2000).”
From Socially anxious primary care patients' attitudes toward cognitive bias modification (CBM): A qualitative study (2012) · cites this paper as Lovell & Richards, 2000
In the citing paper
“Organising services with multiple levels of entry and service delivery, rather than the more traditional single referral gateway at the level of primary care into secondary care services, may help to increase access to psychological therapies.3”
From Can a self-referral system help improve access to psychological treatments? (2010) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“However, because of their low capacity, access to psychological treatment services for individuals with these difficulties has often been variable and limited, with long waiting lists for these services.3”
From Can a self-referral system help improve access to psychological treatments? (2010) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“necessitating alternatives to one-to-one treatment delivery (Lovell & Richards, 2000) beyond the existing adjunctive use of self-help materials (Keeley et al , 2002).”
From Clinical efficacy of computerised cognitive-behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression in primary care: Randomised controlled trial (2004) · cites this paper as Lovell & Richards, 2000
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“Influential reviews (Lovell and Richards, 2000) and the NICE guidelines for depression (NICE, 2009) and anxiety (NICE, 2004) have all recommended that cognitive behavioural self-help (CBSH) approaches be considered as a first step in treatment for common mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety.”
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“Despite its effectiveness, access to these interventions or suitable conversational partners is often limited, leaving many individuals experiencing negative emotions with no access to these treatments, especially on an everyday basis [44].”
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“Newer formats make use of delivery by telephone, computer, guided self-help books (available in libraries by prescription), self-help clinics, and large as well as conventional therapy groups, bolstered by a growing evidence base for these flexible delivery methods (Lovell & Richards, 2000).”
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“Briefer ‘single strand’ interventions have for some time been advocated (Lovell and Richards, 2000); however, the ideal approach to the utilisation of such treatments within an efficient system of therapy delivery requires further research.”
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“Consequently, there do not appear to be enough suitably trained professionals to provide all the CBT being demanded in Western countries (Lovell & Richards, 2000; Marks et al., 2003), not to mention in countries like Korea.”
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“…therapies offer flexibility for individuals unable to commit to in-person sessions due to difficulty getting time off work, reduced mobility, financial and geographical restraints, or barriers, such as fear and stigma (Lovell & Richards, 2000; Maercker & Knaevelsrud, 2007; Taylor & Luce, 2003).”
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“Creating a bibliotherapy as Lovell and Richards (2000) suggest, that sources reliable and appropriate content and approved by the Rabbi, would then allow for this to be shared with patients where necessary.”
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“…(NICE, 2009), although a lack of appropriately trained therapists in England and Wales means that the availability of face-to-face CBT is limited (Lovell and Richards, 2000) and demand for CBT currently outweighs supply (Shapiro, Cavanagh and Lomas, 2003), with increasing strain on service…”
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“A stepped care approach advocates that the least intensive treatment likely to provide significant health gain is first offered and more intensive treatment offered only if required (Lovell and Richards, 2000).”
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“However, CBT has a limitation in that it is time consuming and costly, requires training to perform treatments [16], and is difficult to use owing to low accessibility [17].”
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“Lovell and Richards (2000) noted treatments for community-based interventions remained ‘ rooted ’ in traditional, secondary-care models.”
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“In advocating greater accessibility and flexibility in modes of therapy delivery, Lovell and Richard (2000) advocated for Multiple Access Points and Levels of Entry to therapy (MAPLE; Lovell & Richards, 2000).”
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“In order to ensure a wide range of access points to the service (Lovell & Richards, 2000), a 31-page service booklet was produced and distributed to both ‘traditional’ sites, such as GP practices, community mental health teams (CMHTs), social work teams, voluntary organizations, victim support,…”
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Alternative methods of treatment delivery for anxiety disorders
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Computerised Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Phobias and Panic Disorder: A Systematic Review
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Therapies for depression must also be flexible to deliver
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Psychoeducational treatment for hypochondriasis.
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Providing psychosocial intervention: the role of non-medical practitioners
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“Stepped care involves making decisions about intervention which are informed by the systematic monitoring of progress and outcome – thus, some service-users may require a more or less intensive form of intervention or intervention from a more skilled practitioner / therapist (23,24).”
BackgroundFriedli, K., Corney, R., King, M., Harvey, I. M., Bower, P., Byford, S., Barber, J., & Beecham, J. K. (2008)
Oot, J. P., Ryden, C., Shapiro, D. A., Goldberg, D. P., MANN, A. H., Marks, I. M., & Ay, J. A. G. (2004)
A computerized intervention for depression : a randomized clinical trial
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Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy
Høifødt, R. S. (2015)
Metadata
- Authors
- Lovell, K., & Richards, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Venue
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2000-10
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 379-391
- ISSN
- 1352-4658 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1833
- OpenAlex
- W2155900414
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 9.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, mental health services, service organizations, accessibility, equity, choice, brief intervention, secondary care referral, service delivery models, mental health policy
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