TWO CHAIRS, SELF-SCHEMATA AND A PERSON BASED APPROACH TO PSYCHOSIS

“Another resemblance is the two-chair technique to elaborate a positive self-schema that has an emotional (lived) quality, and to use this experience to create a new model of self as emotionally and cognitively varied and changing (Chadwick, 2004).”

“…cognitive restructuring methods, methods of working with voices are emerging that adopt a more experiential approach, which may be well-suited to intervening at a schematic level (e.g. Chadwick, 2003; Mayhew and Gilbert, 2008; Van der Gaag, Van Oosterhout, Daalman, Sommer and Korrelboom, 2012).”

“More recently, Chadwick (2003) purposely modified and integrated Greenberg’s (Greenberg et al., 1993) two-chair approach within a schema framework for the treatment of psychotic patients. This constructivist approach is based on the idea that the lives of patients suffering from psychosis are dominated by a negative s…”

“Chadwick (2003, 2006) suggests that many individuals with distressing psychosis will have experienced predominantly negative schematic experiences of the self, through intra-personal and interpersonal experiences.”

“Ellett, Lopes, and Chadwick (2003) also found paranoid-type cognitions in a sample of 324 British college students both on the PS and on a qualitative questionnaire analysing subjective experience of one particular experience of paranoia.”

“There are also various conceptualizations of its mechanism of action which include: the development of metacognitive insight and decentering (Chadwick, 2003), emotional processing (Diamond, Rochman, & Amir, 2010) and the development of a plurality of internal ‘voices’, ‘schemas’ or ‘mentalities’…”

“…these anxieties may be overstated; externalisation techniques and interventions which encourage communication with voices have proven effective, empowering and non-harmful in treating depression, anxiety and even psychosis (Chadwick, 2003; Corstens, Longden, & May, 2011; Greenberg & Watson, 1998).”

“In function, chairwork is used for various therapeutic ends including to enhance motivation and resolve ambivalence (Pugh and Salter, 2018), address internalizations of critical or abusive ‘others’ (Kellogg, 2015), or to elaborate alternative, positive, self-schemata (Chadwick, 2003).”

“In fact, ’splitting the self’ into separate positive and negative selves could be a defensive mechanism for dealing with negative experiences and self-conceptions, and facilitating emotional change (Bowlby, 1980; Chadwick, 2003; Grennberg, Rice, & Elliott, 1993; Sullivan, 1953).”

“(Chadwick, 2003).”

“…aim to target lower-level constructs, such as the content, meaning, accessibility and impact of positive and negative self schema, and/or to influence the way in which these lower-level self representations interact to produce higher-level constructs such as self-esteem, self-concept and identity.”

“Two case studies using the “two chair method” from experiential therapy were described by Chadwick (2003) and expanded on in Chadwick (2006).”

“Gilbert and Irons (2005) and Chadwick (2003) have outlined alternative methods for enhancing metacognitive awareness and restructuring metacognitive appraisals about self-criticism.”

“…diagnoses (Johns et al., 2014; Larøi et al., 2012; McCarthy-Jones et al., 2014); (2) the new models of cognitive and social relationships (Chadwick, 2003, 2006; Falloon, Harangozó, & Bodrogi, 2006; Harangozó, Gordos, & Bodrogi, 2006) and hearing voices have led to therapeutic changes…”

“A number of clinical methods in CBT have been proposed to address core beliefs such as the two-chair method 98 , imagery techniques 64,65,92 , the continuum technique 99 , addressing cognitive distortions 100 , targeting cognitive, affective, and behavioural responses to schemas 101 , examining the…”

“Multi-storied disclosures in which a second chair is used to explore exceptions to problematically fi xed, global, and one-sided self-narratives ( “ same old stories ” ) (e.g. Chadwick, 2003).”

“Qualitative studies have also highlighted the memorability and ‘felt truth’ of changes brought about through chairwork (Bell et al., 2020; Chadwick, 2003).”

“The approach employed was basically that of the “two-chair technique” (Chadwick, 2003, 2006), which allows bringing into play and integrating the two schemata, without the dominance of either one (in this case, importantly, the negative one).”

“6 38-41 Another has been the use of role play methods, incorporating ideas from chair work 42 and assertiveness training, 40 ,41 and notably innovated through the use of 3D animation and voice modulation software to experi-entially recreate an experience of interacting with voices in session.”

“Chadwick P.”

“It has been shown to be effective in treating a variety of psychological conditions, such as psychosis (Chadwick, 2003) and borderline personality disorder (van Maarschalkerweerd et al., 2021).”