Sensitivity and specificity of WAIS–III/WMS–III demographically corrected factor scores in neuropsychological assessment

TAYLOR, MICHAEL J.; HEATON, ROBERT K.

doi:10.1017/s1355617701777107

Cited by 174Psychological Testing and AssessmentHistorical and Modern Theater StudiesCognitive Abilities and Testing

Sensitivity and specificity of WAIS–III/WMS–III demographically corrected factor scores in neuropsychological assessment

TAYLOR, MICHAEL J., HEATON, ROBERT K.·2001·Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society

DOI 10.1017/s1355617701777107

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Abstract

This study explored the neurodiagnostic utility of 6 factor scores identified by recent exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the WAIS–III and WMS–III: Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, Processing Speed, Working Memory, Auditory Memory and Visual Memory. Factor scores were corrected for age, education, sex and ethnicity to minimize their influences on diagnostic accuracy. Cut-offs at 1, 1.5 and 2 standard deviations (SD s) below the standardization sample mean were applied to data from the overlapping test normative samples (N = 1073) and 6 clinical samples described in the WAIS–III/WMS–III Technical Manual (N = 126). The analyses suggest that a 1 SD cut-off yields the most balanced levels of sensitivity and specificity; more strict (1.5 or 2 SD) cut-offs generally result in trading modest gains in specificity for larger losses in sensitivity. Finally, using combinations of WAIS–III/WMS–III factors together as test batteries, we explored the sensitivity and specificity implications of varying diagnostic decision rules (e.g., 1 vs. 2 impaired factors = “impairment”). For most of the disorders considered here, even a small (e.g., 3 factor) WAIS–III/WMS–III battery provides quite good overall diagnostic accuracy. (JINS, 2001, 7, 867–874.)

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Several studies suggest that a cut-point for impairment of -1 SD below normative means provides an optimal balance of sensitivity and specificity.
“and several studies suggest that a cut-point for impairment of -1 SD below normative means provides an optimal balance of sensitivity and specificity [25, 44, 45].”
From Neuropsychological Criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment Improves Diagnostic Precision, Biomarker Associations, and Progression Rates (2014) · cites this paper as [45]
More strict cut-points on cognitive tests of -1.5 or -2 SDs below normative means generally trade modest gains in specificity for larger losses in sensitivity.
“More strict cut-points on cognitive tests of -1.5 or -2 SDs below normative means generally trade modest gains in specificity for larger losses in sensitivity [44, 45]”
From Neuropsychological Criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment Improves Diagnostic Precision, Biomarker Associations, and Progression Rates (2014) · cites this paper as [45]
Demographically-corrected norms demonstrate better accuracy with less demographic bias on cognitive measures than age-only adjusted scores in neurological populations.
“Demographically-corrected norms demonstrate better accuracy with less demographic bias (Casaletto et al., 2015; R. K. Heaton, Ryan, L., & Grant, I., 2009; Taylor & Heaton, 2001) on cognitive measures than age-only adjusted scores in neurological populations.”
From Using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) in individuals with traumatic brain injury. (2017) · cites this paper as Taylor & Heaton, 2001

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Authors: TAYLOR, M. J., & HEATON, R. K.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
ORCID: HEATON, ROBERT K.
Venue: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2001-11
Volume: 7
Issue: 7
Pages: 867-874
ISSN: 1355-6177 (ISSN-L)
1469-7661
DOI: 10.1017/s1355617701777107
OpenAlex: W2139390659
Cited by: 174
References: 5
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 4.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 71 d)
Locations: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Keywords: WAIS-III, WMS-III, factor scores, sensitivity and specificity, diagnostic accuracy, cut-off values, verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, processing speed, working memory, auditory memory, visual memory, neuropsychological assessment, diagnostic decision rules, cognitive impairment diagnosis
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain Damage, Chronic, Brain Diseases, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Mental Recall, Reference Standards, Wechsler Scales, Reproducibility of Results

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Sensitivity and specificity of WAIS–III/WMS–III demographically corrected factor scores in neuropsychological assessment

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