Accelerated age-related decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in bipolar disorder
Open accessAbstract
Age-related conditions, such as cognitive decline, cardiovascular disease, cancer and other medical morbidities have been associated with bipolar disorder (BD) (Kapczinski et al., 2008). However the biological mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. It is well established that bipolar patients show greater cognitive impairment than age-matched controls, not only during mood episodes but also during euthymia (Torres et al., 2007). Further, recent evidence suggests that growth-factor family members, particularly the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), may play an important role in the pathophysiology of BD (Kapczinski et al., 2008; Post, 2007) and in neuroplasticity associated with ageing (Lommatzsch et al., 2005; Mora et al., 2007). Notably, BDNF is essential for long-term memory as it promotes neuronal survival and maturation. Some studies have suggested that abnormalities in the BDNF-signalling pathway might be involved in the cognitive decline observed in neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's (Laske and Eschweiler, 2006) and BD (Rybakowski et al., 2006). Interestingly, studies of normal ageing have shown that expression of BDNF in the hippocampus decreases with age (Hattiangady et al., 2005) and these decreases might contribute to age-related cognitive impairments (Gooney et al., 2004). To the best of our knowledge, the pattern of changes in BDNF levels in relation to age has not been examined in a clinical sample of patients with BD. To explore this issue, we examined BDNF levels in 56 patients with bipolar I disorder and 56 healthy controls matched for age, gender and level of education. Patients were recruited from the first-episode mania programme of the University of British Columbia (UBC) Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (n=26) and from Bipolar Disorders Programme, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil (n=30). Patients were not in an acute mood episode according to DSM-IV criteria and the diagnosis was confirmed with structured interview. The symptomatic status was assessed within 1 wk of blood sampling with clinical rating scales such as the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 21-item version (HAMD-21). Subjects enrolled in both centres received open-label maintenance treatment for BD from clinicians with expertise in management of mood disorders and familiar with the most recent clinical guidelines. Patients did not have significant comorbid medical conditions and they were not on medication other than those prescribed for their psychiatric condition. Clinical variables were collected using a standardized protocol. Controls were screened to rule out any history of psychiatric disorder, neurodegenerative disorder, mental retardation, cancer or chronic/acute infection and they were not on any medication. All of the procedures described in this report have received approval from the local clinical research ethics committees. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and healthy subjects prior to conducting any study procedures. BDNF serum levels were measured with ELISA kit (Chemicon, Temecula, CA, USA). Total protein was measured by Lowry's method using bovine serum albumin as a standard. Results for BDNF are shown in pg/µg protein. Statistical analyses such as Pearson's correlation followed by two-way ANOVA, were performed using SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). As expected, there was a significant negative correlation between BDNF levels and age in controls (r=−0.29, p=0.027) as well as in patients (r=0.70, p<0.001) (Figure 1). Interestingly, there was a significant difference between the slopes of patients and controls (F=14.1, d.f.=1, 112, p<0.001) indicating that the decrease in BDNF levels was accelerated with age in patients with BD compared with matched healthy controls. The correlation between age and BDNF levels was significant regardless of mood symptoms, in a regression model controlled for YMRS and HAMD scores (β=−0.49, p=0.004). This suggests that BD pathophysiology may involve not only changes in biochemistry that result in mood episodes, but also changes associated with accelerated ageing processes. Correlation between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and age in patients with bipolar disorder (◯) and in healthy controls (). Significant negative correlation between BDNF levels and age in controls (r=−0.29, p=0.027) and in patients (r=0.70, p<0.001). Significant difference between the slopes of patients (–––) and controls (- - -) (F=14.1, d.f.=1, 112, p<0.001). Some limitation should be considered when interpreting the results. First, BDNF levels were only assessed in the serum, however, it has been demonstrated that there is a high positive correlation (r=0.81) between serum and cortical BDNF levels (Karege et al., 2002). Moreover, there is evidence that serum levels of BDNF might reflect aspects of neuronal integrity given the association with N-
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Bipolar disorder may also be characterized by 'accelerated aging'.
“Bipolar disorder (BD) may also be characterized by “accelerated aging” (Rizzo et al., 2014; Sodhi et al., 2012; Yatham et al., 2009 (but see Gildengers et al., 2013)).”
From Psychiatric disorders and leukocyte telomere length: Underlying mechanisms linking mental illness with cellular aging (2015) · cites this paper as Yatham et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The impact of age, weight and gender on BDNF levels in human platelets and plasma
Lommatzsch, M., Zingler, D., Schuhbaeck, K., Schloetcke, K., Zingler, C., Schuff‐Werner, P., & Virchow, J. C., Jr. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.002 · Cited by 849 · see citing works
Postnatal Developmental Profile of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Rat Brain and Platelets
Karege, F., Schwald, M., & Cisse, M. (2002) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00529-3 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Neuropsychological functioning in euthymic bipolar disorder: a meta‐analysis
Torres, I. J., Boudreau, V. G., & Yatham, L. N. (2007) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01055.x · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Simon, N. M., Smoller, J. W., McNamara, K. L., Maser, R. S., Zalta, A. K., Pollack, M. H., Nierenberg, A. A., Fava, M., & Wong, K.-K. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.004 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Allostatic load in bipolar disorder: Implications for pathophysiology and treatment
Kapczinski, F. P., Vieta, E., Andreazza, A. C., Frey, B. N., Gomes, F. A., Tramontina, J., Kauer‐Sant’Anna, M., Grassi‐Oliveira, R., & Post, R. M. (2007) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.10.005 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Mora, F., Segovia, G., & Arco, A. D. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.011 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Serum S100B and antioxidant enzymes in bipolar patients
Andreazza, A. C., Cassini, C., Rosa, A. R., Leite, M. C., de Almeida, L. M. V., Nardin, P., da Cunha, A. B., Ceresér, K. M. M., Santin, A. M. P., Gottfried, C., et al. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.07.013 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Role of BDNF in bipolar and unipolar disorder: Clinical and theoretical implications
Post, R. M. (2007) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.09.009 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Hattiangady, B., Rao, M. S. R., Shetty, G. A., & Shetty, A. K. (2005) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.05.014 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Lang, U. E., Hellweg, R., Seifert, F. C., Schubert, F., & Gallinat, J. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.01.002 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
BDNF-induced LTP in dentate gyrus is impaired with age: analysis of changes in cell signaling events
Gooney, M., Messaoudi, E., Maher, F. O., Bramham, C. R., & Lynch, M. A. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.01.003 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
RYBAKOWSKI, J. K., Borkowska, A., Skibińska, M., & Hauser, J. (2005) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001765 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Laske, C., & Eschweiler, G. W. (2005) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-005-1971-0 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fernandes, B. S., Gama, C. S., Maria Ceresér, K., Yatham, L. N., Fries, G. R., Colpo, G., de Lucena, D., Kunz, M., Gomes, F. A., & Kapczinski, F. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.002 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Lindqvist, D., Epel, E. S., Mellon, S. H., Penninx, B. W., Révész, D., Verhoeven, J. E., Reus, V. I., Lin, J., Mahan, L., Hough, C. M., et al. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.007 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Clinical implications of a staging model for bipolar disorders
Kapczinski, F. P., Dias, V. V., Kauer‐Sant’Anna, M., Frey, B. N., Grassi‐Oliveira, R., Colom, F., & Berk, M. (2009) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.09.31 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Peripheral biomarkers and illness activity in bipolar disorder
Kapczinski, F. P., Dal‐Pizzol, F., Teixeira, A. L., Magalhães, P. V. D. S., Kauer‐Sant’Anna, M., Klamt, F., Moreira, J. C. F., Pasquali, M. A. D. B., Fries, G. R., Quevedo, J., et al. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.05.015 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Frey, B. N., Andreazza, A. C., Houenou, J., Jamain, S., Goldstein, B. I., Frye, M. A., Leboyer, M., Berk, M., Malhi, G. S., Lopez-Jaramillo, C., et al. (2013) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867413478217 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegrated Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder
Maletic, V., & Raison, C. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00098 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Rowland, T., Perry, B. I., Upthegrove, R., Barnes, N. M., Chatterjee, J., Gallacher, D., & Marwaha, S. (2018) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.144 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
The potential use of biomarkers as an adjunctive tool for staging bipolar disorder
Kapczinski, F. P., Dias, V. V., Kauer‐Sant’Anna, M., Brietzke, E. M., Vázquez, G. H., Vieta, E., & Berk, M. (2009) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.07.027 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The Role of BDNF as a Mediator of Neuroplasticity in Bipolar Disorder
Grande, I., Fries, G. R., Kunz, M., & Kapczinski, F. P. (2010) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2010.7.4.243 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Munkholm, K., Vinberg, M., & Kessing, L. V. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.54 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Gigante, A. D., Young, L. T., Yatham, L. N., Andreazza, A. C., Nery, F. G., Grinberg, L. T., Heinsen, H., & Lafer, B. (2010) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s146114571000146x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Vieta, E., Reinares, M., & Rosa, A. R. (2011) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-010-9197-8 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Staging and Neuroprogression in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Gama, C. S., Kunz, M., Magalhães, P. V. D. S., & Kapczinski, F. P. (2013) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.rbp.2012.09.001 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Brand, S., Moller, M., & Harvey, B. (2015) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x13666150307004545 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Vasconcelos-Moreno, M. P., Fries, G. R., Gubert, C., dos Santos, B. T. M. Q., Fijtman, A., Sartori, J., Ferrari, P., Grün, L. K., Parisi, M. M., Guma, F. T. C. R., et al. (2017) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyx001 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in bipolar disorder
Mehraban, A., Ardestani, S. M. S., Entezari, M., Seifi, M. H., Nazari, M., & Yaseri, M. (2015) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-015-2981-7 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Tunca, Z., Ozerdem, A., Ceylan, D., Yalçın, Y., Can, G., Resmi, H., Akan, P., Ergör, G., Aydemir, Ö., Cengisiz, C., et al. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.012 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Clinical staging in severe mental disorder: evidence from neurocognition and neuroimaging
Lin, A. P., Reniers, R. L. E. P., & Wood, S. J. (2013) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.119156 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Neurotrophins, inflammation and oxidative stress as illness activity biomarkers in bipolar disorder
Pfaffenseller, B., Fries, G. R., Wollenhaupt-Aguiar, B., Colpo, G. D., Stertz, L., Panizzutti, B., Magalhães, P. V., & Kapczinski, F. (2013) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2013.811981 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Accelerated aging of the putamen in patients with major depressive disorder
Sacchet, M. D., Camacho, M. C., Livermore, E. E., Thomas, E. A. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.160010 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Potential biomarkers for bipolar disorder
Sagar, R., & Deep, R. (2017) · The Indian Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1386_16 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The role of neurotrophins in bipolar disorder
Scola, G., & Andreazza, A. C. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.08.013 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Aygün, H., Akın, A. T., Kızılaslan, N., Sümbül, O., & Karabulut, D. (2022) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108588 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The concept of staging in bipolar disorder: the role of BDNF and TNF-alpha as biomarkers
Kapczinski, F. P., Fernandes, B. S., Kauer‐Sant’Anna, M., Gama, C. S., Yatham, L. N., & Berk, M. (2009) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2009.00410.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ketamine in Bipolar Disorder: A Review
Wilkowska, A., Szałach, Ł. P., & Cubała, W. J. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s282208 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Wang, D., Li, H., Du, X., Zhou, J., Liu, Y., Ren, H., Yang, X., Zhang, G., & Chen, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.514658 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Decreased Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Older Adults with Bipolar Disorder
Soares, A. T., Andreazza, A. C., Rej, S., Rajji, T. K., Gildengers, A. G., Lafer, B., Young, L. T., & Mulsant, B. H. (2016) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2016.02.052 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
In vivo biomarkers of structural and functional brain development and aging in humans
Franke, K., Bublak, P., Hoyer, D., Billiet, T., Christian Gaser, B., Witte, O. W., & Schwab, M. G. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cannabis use is associated with increased CCL11 plasma levels in young healthy volunteers
Fernández-Egea, E., Scoriels, L., Theegala, S., Giro, M., Ozanne, S. E., Burling, K., & Jones, P. B. (2013) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.06.011 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pubertal Testosterone and the Structure of the Cerebral Cortex in Young Men
Liao, Z., Patel, Y., Khairullah, A., Parker, N., & Paus, T. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa389 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Marcadores periféricos e a fisiopatologia do transtorno bipolar
Magalhães, P. V. D. S., Fries, G. R., & Kapczinski, F. P. (2012) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/s0101-60832012000200004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Increased plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels in females with schizophrenia
Weickert, C. S., Lee, C. H., Lenroot, R., Bruggemann, J. M., Galletly, C. A., Liu, D., Balzan, R. P., Pillai, A., Buckley, P. F., & Weickert, T. W. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.04.015 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Archer, T., Kostrzewa, R. M., Palomo, T., & Beninger, R. J. (2010) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-010-9161-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Serum concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mental disorders in imprisoned women
Panichi, R. M. D., Bins, H. D. D. C., Tramontina, J., Ceresér, K. M. M., de Aguiar, B. W., Paz, A. V. C., & Taborda, J. (2015) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1421 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
ALICI, S., Onur, Ö. Ş., Cavusoglu, E., Onur, İ. U., & Erkıran, M. (2019) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/0101-60830000000210 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An Introduction to the Neurobiology of Bipolar Illness Onset, Recurrence and Progression
Post, R. M., & Kauer‐Sant’Anna, M. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470661277.ch11 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Is bipolar disorder associated with premature aging?
Brietzke, E. M., Cerqueira, R. O., Soares, C. N., & Kapczinski, F. P. (2019) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0038 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Onur, Ö. Ş., Açar, Ö. P. A., & Onur, İ. U. (2020) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5455/pcp.20200323084214 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Vieta, E., Reinares, M., & Rosa, A. R. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0785-0_6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bipolar Disorder in the Elderly
Dols, A., Kupka, R., Kessing, L. V., Stek, M. L., & Sajatovic, M. (2011) · Aging Health · doi:10.2217/ahe.11.75 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fountoulakis, K. N. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37216-2_15 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mu, Q., Zhang, K., Chen, Y., Xu, Y., Hu, S., Huang, M., Zhang, P., Cui, D., & Lu, S. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03555-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Objective and biological markers in bipolar spectrum presentations
Chakrabarty, T., & Yatham, L. N. (2019) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2019.1580145 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Molecular Biology of Bipolar Disorder
Andreazza, A. C., Wang, J. F., & Young, T. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470661277.ch17 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Managing Late-Life Bipolar Disorder: An Update
Chen, P., Korobkova, I., Busby, K. K., & Sajatovic, M. (2011) · Aging Health · doi:10.2217/ahe.11.49 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF) no transtorno bipolar : uma metanálise
Fernandes, B. S. (2009) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vieta, E. (2013) · doi:10.1007/978-1-908517-94-4_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A National Institute of Mental Health Perspective on Geriatric Mood Disorder Research
Evans, J. D., & Niederehe, G. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199796816.003.0001
Biological and Clinical Correlates of Vascular Risk in Adolescent Bipolar Disorder
Hatch, J. K. (2016) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Vieta, E., Reinares, M., & Rosa, A. R. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7264-3_7
Epigenetic effects of Nosustrophine in Alzheimer’s disease
Martínez-Iglesias, O. A., Naidoo, V., Carrera, I., Corzo, L., & Cacabelos, R. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18722-3.00024-4
- Authors
- Yatham, L. N., Kapczinski, F., Andreazza, A. C., Trevor Young, L., Lam, R. W., & Kauer-Sant'Anna, M.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Yatham, Lakshmi N.
- Venue
- The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-10-10
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 01
- Pages
- 137
- ISSN
- 1461-1457 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-5111
- OpenAlex
- W2149824910
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Lume (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments
- Michael Smith Health Research BC
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre
- Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas
- Servier
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- bipolar disorder, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, age-related decline, cognitive impairment, neuroplasticity, hippocampus, first-episode mania, euthymia, neurotrophins, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, neuroendocrine stress response, neurotrophin signaling, maintenance therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aging, Bipolar Disorder, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
