Stigma as a barrier to diagnosis of lung cancer: patient and general practitioner perspectives
Open accessAbstract
The prognosis for people with lung cancer may be worsened by delays in seeking medical help following the onset of symptoms. Previous research has highlighted that patients’ experiences of stigma and blame may contribute to these delays. This short report focuses on stigma as a barrier to diagnosis of lung cancer, from patient and general practitioner (GP) perspectives. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with people diagnosed with lung cancer ( n =20) and with GPs ( n =10) in New South Wales, Australia. Participants’ experiences of blame and stigma, GPs preconceptions of lung cancer risk and the impact of anti-smoking messaging were explored. Participants reported experiencing stigma owing to a diagnosis of lung cancer. For some, the anticipation of stigma resulted in delays in seeking diagnosis and hence treatment. The sense of blame associated with a lung cancer diagnosis was also reflected in GP interviews. Successful tobacco control activities have increased societal awareness of lung cancer as smoking related and potentially contributed to the participants’ experiences of stigma. Removing blame associated with smoking is central to reducing delays in diagnosis of lung cancer.
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Stigma is a well-documented global barrier to health-seeking behavior, engagement in care, and adherence to treatment across a range of health conditions.
“Stigma is a well-documented barrier to health seeking behavior, engagement in care and adherence to treatment across a range of health conditions globally.”
Lung cancers are highly stigmatized.
“For example, cancers of the lung are highly stigmatized [1] due to the belief that smoking is their primary cause, which is believed to be under the person’s control [97].”
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COVID-19 Stigma and Discrimination in a North Indian State: A Concurrent Mixed Method Study
Kaur, M., Lakshmi, P. V. M., Sharma, A., Vijin, P. P., Mathur, N., & Verma, V. K. (2023) · Indian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.4103/ijph.ijph_1255_22
Ronoh, A., Limo, J., Odeny, L., Macharia, S. M., Muinde, R., Kiarie, J., Ong’ang’o, J. R., Mwirigi, N., (6157469), D. N., Kibuchi, E., et al. (2026) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0005283
Bhandari, B., Narasimhan, P., Vaidya, A., Subedi, M., & Jayasuriya, R. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15139157
Pradipta, I. S., Idrus, L. R., Probandari, A., Lestari, B. W., Diantini, A., Alffenaar, J.-W. C., & Hak, E. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16841184
Lohiniva, A.-L., Isosomppi, S., Pasanen, S., & Sutinen, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26586198
Estrada, J. A. G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26692426
Ginjupalli, R., Mundaden, R., Choi, Y. N., Herfel, E., Oketch, S. Y., Watt, M. H., Makhulo, B., Bukusi, E. A., & Huchko, M. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19164578
Pradipta, I. S., Idrus, L. R., Probandari, A., Lestari, B. W., Diantini, A., Alffenaar, J.-W. C., & Hak, E. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16841172
Ginjupalli, R., Mundaden, R., Choi, Y. N., Herfel, E., Oketch, S. Y., Watt, M. H., Makhulo, B., Bukusi, E. A., & Huchko, M. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19164575
Pradipta, I. S., Idrus, L. R., Probandari, A., Lestari, B. W., Diantini, A., Alffenaar, J.-W. C., & Hak, E. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16841181
Pradipta, I. S., Idrus, L. R., Probandari, A., Lestari, B. W., Diantini, A., Alffenaar, J.-W. C., & Hak, E. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16841178
Pradipta, I. S., Idrus, L. R., Probandari, A., Lestari, B. W., Diantini, A., Alffenaar, J.-W. C., & Hak, E. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16841175
From care to cure: a patient engagement framework for rare disease and orphan drug research
Awada, N., & Varughese, A. M. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Rare Disease · doi:10.1177/26330040251404519
Auriol, C. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d152f933z7bdcz45f1za506zb45f633b9d82
- Authors
- Scott, N., Crane, M., Lafontaine, M., Seale, H., & Currow, D.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Cancer Institute of New South Wales (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Scott, Nicola
- Venue
- Primary Health Care Research & Development
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2015-02-09
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 618-622
- ISSN
- 1463-4236 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-1128
- OpenAlex
- W2158694927
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 3.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Primary Health Care Research & Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Cambridge
- Cancer Institute NSW
- NSW Ministry of Health
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Patient-Provider Communication in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Keywords
- lung cancer, stigma, blame, delayed diagnosis, help-seeking, general practitioners, patient experience, tobacco control, tobacco-related cancer, barriers to diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Lung Neoplasms, Male, New South Wales, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Smoking, Stereotyping, Social Stigma, General Practitioners
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