The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 93 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review
Open accessAbstract
Aim: The purpose of this scoping review was to explore the evidence on how perceptions and/or experiences of weight bias in primary health care influence engagement with and utilization of health care services by individuals with obesity. Background: Prior studies have found discrepancies in the use of health care services by individuals living with obesity; a greater body mass index has been associated with decreased health care utilization, and weight bias has been identified as a major barrier to engagement with health services. Methods: PubMed was searched from January 2000 to July 2017. Four reviewers independently selected 21 studies examining perceptions of weight bias and its impact on engagement with primary health care services. Findings: A thematic analysis was conducted on the 21 studies that were included in this scoping review. The following 10 themes were identified: contemptuous, patronizing, and disrespectful treatment, lack of training, ambivalence, attribution of all health issues to excess weight, assumptions about weight gain, barriers to health care utilization, expectation of differential health care treatment, low trust and poor communication, avoidance or delay of health services, and ‘doctor shopping’. Overall, our scoping review reveals how perceptions and/or experiences of weight bias from primary care health professionals negatively influence patient engagement with primary health care services.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This scoping review of 21 studies found that perceptions and/or experiences of weight bias from primary care health professionals negatively influence patient engagement with primary health care. It identifies 10 themes, including disrespectful treatment, low trust, avoidance or delay of services, and “doctor shopping.”
Key findings
- Across 21 included studies, thematic analysis identified 10 themes: contemptuous, patronizing, and disrespectful treatment; lack of training; ambivalence; attribution of all health issues to excess weight; assumptions about weight gain; barriers to health care utilization; expectation of differential health care treatment; low trust and poor communication; avoidance or delay of health services; and “doctor shopping.”
- Quantitative findings included: 21% perceived weight-related judgment from their primary care provider and were less likely to trust them; 13% reported prior doctor shopping due to differential treatment; 17% changed primary care physicians due to perceived indifference or negative attitudes toward bariatric surgery; 19% would avoid a medical appointment and 21% would seek a new doctor if they felt stigmatized about weight.
- Avoidance/delay findings included: 32% of women with obesity and 55% of women with severe obesity reported delaying or canceling appointments because they knew they would be weighed; 12.7% reported delaying or canceling a physician appointment due to weight concerns; 2.6% attended but refused to be weighed. In severe obesity, health care stigmatization was associated with a 1.5 kg/m² increase in BMI.
- Four studies did not report decreased health care utilization: Bottone et al. found 29.6% of patients with obesity versus 23.4% of normal-weight patients visited their primary care provider three or more times in the past six months; Hilbert et al. found greater BMI predicted greater weight bias internalization and greater health care utilization.
Methods
- Scoping review using Arksey and O’Malley’s methodology and PRISMA-ScR reporting; PubMed was searched from January 2000 to July 2017, limited to English and French.
- Four independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full texts; 720 unique articles plus 12 additional articles yielded 732 screened records, of which 21 studies met inclusion criteria.
- Data were charted for study characteristics, patient population, and outcomes, then synthesized using thematic analysis.
Limitations
- Stated: the review focused primarily on weight bias in primary care health professionals, so conclusions can only be made about primary care health professionals; three papers reported three different outcomes from the same sample, which may be viewed as a limitation; future research is needed in other health sectors and settings.
- Stated/evident: scoping review methodology is not intended to assess study quality or provide quantitative synthesis; findings were inconsistent across studies; the evidence base was predominantly US-based (71.4%), quantitative (62%), female-only in 47.6% of studies, and only 38.1% included exclusively participants with obesity, with a noted lack of literature on men’s engagement.
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Claims the paper makes
55 Not checked yet · 15 Own result · 5 Own interpretation · 3 Own method · 2 No basis given
In the paper
“Participants perceived that weight-related advice from health professionals was delivered in a patronizing manner when health professionals insinuated that there was a simple solution to patients’ excess weight (Merrill and Grassley, 2008).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Contemptuous, patronizing, and disrespectful treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Merrill and Grassley, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Four studies (Amy et al., 2006; Merrill and Grassley, 2008; Russell and Carryer, 2013; Buxton and Snethen, 2013) reported that participants with overweight and obesity experienced contemptuous, patronizing, and/or disrespectful treatment from health professionals.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Contemptuous, patronizing, and disrespectful treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amy et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Merrill and Grassley, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Russell and Carryer, 2013
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Participants with overweight and obesity reported feeling that they were being treated less respectfully than individuals classified as having a normal BMI (Amy et al., 2006).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Contemptuous, patronizing, and disrespectful treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amy et al., 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Participants living with overweight and obesity perceived a lack of training among health professionals (Amy et al., 2006; Forhan et al., 2013; Russell and Carryer, 2013).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Lack of training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amy et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Forhan et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Russell and Carryer, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only participants with obesity were included in 38.1% (n = 8) of the studies.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Characteristics of included studies
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost half of the studies [n = 9 (42.9%)] exclusively involved primary care physicians or nurse practitioners who work in general practice.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Characteristics of included studies
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One study that exclusively examined women with obesity reported that almost 80% of participants rarely or never had been treated disrespectfully (e.g., insulted or criticized for not trying hard enough) by their health professionals when discussing weight management (Wadden et al., 2000).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Contemptuous, patronizing, and disrespectful treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wadden et al., 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Amy et al. showed that over half of their sampled health professionals reported that they had no specific education on providing clinical gynecological examinations for patients with obesity (Amy et al., 2006).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Lack of training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amy et al., 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Wadden et al. showed that over 60% of patients complained that their physicians did not truly understand how difficult it was to be overweight (Wadden et al., 2000).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Health professional assumptions about a patient’s weight gain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wadden et al., 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the same study, 24% of patients reported that their primary care practitioners sometimes did not believe them when they told them they do not eat that much.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Health professional assumptions about a patient’s weight gain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wadden et al., 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Barriers to health care utilization included unsolicited lecturing about weight loss (Olson et al., 1994; Wadden et al., 2000; Drury and Louis, 2002; Pryor, 2002; Amy et al., 2006; Ferrante et al., 2016);”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Barriers to health care utilization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Olson et al., 1994
- Not checked yetcites Wadden et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Drury and Louis, 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“not wanting to get weighed (Olson et al., 1994; Drury and Louis, 2002);”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Barriers to health care utilization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Olson et al., 1994
- Not checked yetcites Drury and Louis, 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Attribution of all health issues to excess weight affected patients’ health utilization by increasing their reluctance to disclose the events surrounding the emergence of their symptoms, to see their general practitioner, or to express concern about a health issue (Brown et al., 2006).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Attribution of all health issues to excess weight
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brown et al., 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a fear of exposing their bodies (Russell and Carryer, 2013);”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Barriers to health care utilization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Russell and Carryer, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“feeling embarrassed about their weight (Amy et al., 2006; Forhan et al., 2013);”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Barriers to health care utilization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amy et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Forhan et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Patients with obesity expected to receive different health care treatments because of their weight (Brown et al., 2006; DeJoy et al., 2016).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Expectation of differential health care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brown et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites DeJoy et al., 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Seven studies (Olson et al., 1994; Drury and Louis, 2002; Pryor, 2002; Amy et al., 2006; Forhan et al., 2013; Russell and Carryer, 2013; Ferrante et al., 2016) cited reasons for avoidance, delay, or cancellation of health care services observed with individuals with overweight or obesity.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Barriers to health care utilization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Olson et al., 1994
- Not checked yetcites Drury and Louis, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Pryor, 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Patients indicated that health professionals often made assumptions about what it is like to live with obesity (Wadden et al., 2000; Pryor, 2002; Merrill and Grassley, 2008; Forhan et al., 2013; DeJoy et al., 2016; Ferrante et al., 2016).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Health professional assumptions about a patient’s weight gain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wadden et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Pryor, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Merrill and Grassley, 2008
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and inadequate hospital equipment such as small gowns, examination tables, chairs, and blood pressure cuffs (Pryor, 2002; Kaminsky and Gadaleta, 2002; Amy et al., 2006; Merrill and Grassley, 2008).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Barriers to health care utilization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pryor, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Kaminsky and Gadaleta, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Amy et al., 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two studies (Brown et al., 2006; DeJoy et al., 2016) reported on patient ambivalence concerning the use of health services.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Ambivalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brown et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites DeJoy et al., 2016
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In maternity care, women with obesity reported mixed feelings about whether or not to attend their antenatal and postpartum appointments as a result of the insensitive behavior they received from both past and current health professionals (DeJoy et al., 2016).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Ambivalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DeJoy et al., 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Patients with obesity complained of health professionals’ tendencies to attribute all of their other health issues to their excess weight (Amy et al., 2006; Brown et al., 2006; Merrill and Grassley, 2008; Forhan et al., 2013; Russell and Carryer, 2013; Ferrante et al., 2016).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Attribution of all health issues to excess weight
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amy et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Brown et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Merrill and Grassley, 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Patients with overweight and obesity who felt their primary care providers judged their weight were less likely to report high trust in these primary care practitioners (Gudzune et al., 2014a).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Low trust and poor communication
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gudzune et al., 2014a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This scoping review first identified perceived weight bias in primary health care evidenced by health care providers’ contemptuous, patronizing, and disrespectful treatment, lack of training, ambivalence, attribution and assumptions about patients’ weight and health.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Olson et al. reported that 32% of women with obesity and 55% of women with severe obesity reported delaying or canceling health care appointments because they knew they would have to be weighed during the appointment (Olson et al., 1994).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Avoidance or delay of health services
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Olson et al., 1994
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another study reported that 17% of participants changed primary care physicians due to physician indifference and negative attitudes toward bariatric surgery (Kaminsky and Gadaleta, 2002).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > ‘Doctor shopping’ as a result of the differential health care treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaminsky and Gadaleta, 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a study, which asked participants to rate on a scale of 0–10 their level of trust in their current primary care practitioner, indicated that 74% of patients with overweight and obesity reported a high level of trust (scores ≥ 8) in their primary care practitioner.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Low trust and poor communication
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gudzune et al., 2014b
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is a major gap in health professional training programs on obesity and weight bias (Amy et al., 2006; Forhan et al., 2013; Russell and Carryer, 2013).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Discussion > Future research and recommendations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amy et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Forhan et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Russell and Carryer, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In one study, 21% of participants reported that they would look for a new doctor if they perceived stigmatization about their weight (Puhl et al., 2013).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > ‘Doctor shopping’ as a result of the differential health care treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Puhl et al., 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During physician visits, primary care providers demonstrated lower levels of emotional rapport with patients with obesity and overweight compared to normal weight patients (Gudzune et al., 2013).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Low trust and poor communication
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gudzune et al., 2013
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Gudzune et al. reported that 13% of participants with overweight and obesity had cited previous doctor shopping as a result of differential treatment (Gudzune et al., 2014b).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > ‘Doctor shopping’ as a result of the differential health care treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gudzune et al., 2014b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In terms of routine checkups, Puhl et al. reported that 19% of participants stated that they would avoid medical appointments if they perceived weight stigma (Puhl et al., 2013).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Avoidance or delay of health services
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Puhl et al., 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, Russell and Carryer found that the majority of self-identified large-bodied women (BMI not reported) admitted to delaying and avoiding pelvic and breast examinations due to fears of judgment when exposing their bodies (Russell and Carryer, 2013).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Avoidance or delay of health services
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Russell and Carryer, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Buxton and Snethen reported that the majority of participants with obesity did not delay nor avoid health care (Buxton and Snethen, 2013).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Avoidance or delay of health services
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buxton and Snethen, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Two-thirds of the participants reported at least one negative maternity care experience with health professionals when their weight was the focus of the interaction.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Expectation of differential health care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DeJoy et al., 2016
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Seven studies found that weight bias among health professionals was associated with patient avoidance or delay of preventive screening, maternity, and general practitioner healthcare services (Olson et al., 1994; Drury and Louis, 2002; Pryor, 2002; Amy et al., 2006; Russell and Carryer, 2013; Puhl et al., 2013; Hansson and Rasmussen, 2014).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Avoidance or delay of health services
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Olson et al., 1994
- Not checked yetcites Drury and Louis, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Pryor, 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Further, Bottone et al. reported that 29.6% of patients with obesity reported visiting with their primary care provider three or more times in the past six months compared to 23.4% of patients with normal weight (Bottone et al., 2014).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Avoidance or delay of health services
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bottone et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A study that exclusively involved pregnant or postpartum women with obesity reported that most participants expected differential maternity care due to their weight (DeJoy et al., 2016).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Expectation of differential health care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DeJoy et al., 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a greater body mass index has been associated with decreased health care utilization”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · boosted
“Studies have documented a decrease in the use of health care services associated with an increasing body mass index (BMI)”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Abstract > Background:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Olson et al., 1994
- Not checked yetcites Fontaine et al., 1998
- Not checked yetcites Amy et al., 2006
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · boosted
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In fact, it has been shown that having obesity impedes access to health care”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drury and Louis, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Amy et al., 2006
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Prior studies have found discrepancies in the use of health care services by individuals living with obesity”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Discrepancies in the usage of health care services by individuals living with obesity have been reported in prior research”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Abstract > Background:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drury and Louis, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Coughlin et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Ferrante et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Weight bias and stigma, known as negative, prejudicial, or stereotypical beliefs and attitudes toward individuals based on their size, has been identified as a barrier to seeking health care services”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drury and Louis, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Puhl and Heuer, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Washington, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“but it also negatively impacts health care treatment outcomes”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carels et al., 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies suggest that the stigma experienced by individuals with obesity may impede the adoptions and maintenance of healthy behaviors.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This includes reduced rates of routine breast and gynecological cancer screening tests among individuals with obesity compared to individuals with a BMI classified as normal”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adams et al., 1993
- Not checked yetcites Fontaine et al., 1998
- Not checked yetcites Aldrich and Hackley, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Those who experienced weight bias had a 1.5 kg/m2 greater BMI compared to those who did not report weight bias”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hansson and Rasmussen, 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It has been reported that health professionals, specifically health care specialists in obesity treatment, hold strong implicit negative attitudes about individuals living with obesity”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Teachman and Brownell, 2001
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, our scoping review reveals how perceptions and/or experiences of weight bias from primary care health professionals negatively influence patient engagement with primary health care services.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Abstract > Findings:
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“participants who associated their obesity with more negative traits (higher weight bias) were more likely to drop out of an 18-week behavioral weight loss program compared to participants who evidenced lower levels of weight bias”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carels et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In this way, the avoidance of health care services could have detrimental implications for the prevention and management of obesity, its possible comorbidities, and other diseases”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Phelan et al., 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, because our scoping review focused primarily on weight bias in primary care health professionals, conclusions drawn from this scoping review can only be made about primary care health professionals.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of this review indicate that patients with overweight and obesity delay or avoid health care services as a result of health professionals’ weight bias.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Discussion > Inconsistencies
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The association between weight bias and avoidance or delay of health care is causal.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- It may state two separate claims as one. 13
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies did not explicitly mention the types of primary health care services that the health professionals performed.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Characteristics of included studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining 47.6% included only female participants (n = 10).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Characteristics of included studies
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 732 articles that we screened as potentially relevant, 21 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surveys were the most commonly used measure in quantitative studies [n = 13 (62%)].”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Characteristics of included studies
plainn = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other studies [n = 12 (57%)] compared different combinations of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese BMI classifications.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Characteristics of included studies
plainn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An additional 12 articles were identified from other sources resulting in a total of 732 articles.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature search resulted in 720 unique articles.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most commonly used qualitative method was interviews [n = 7 (33%)] including focus groups [n = 1 (4.8%)], telephone [n = 1 (4.8%)], face-to-face [n = 4 (19%)], or a combination of face-to-face and telephone [n = 1 (4.8%)].”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Characteristics of included studies
plainn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another 28.6% of studies did not exclusively examine one health sector (n = 6).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Characteristics of included studies
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One study did not measure participant BMI (4.8%).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Characteristics of included studies
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and used quantitative methods [n = 13 (62%)]”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Characteristics of included studies
plainn = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of studies included in this review were carried out in the United States [n = 15 (71.4%)]”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Characteristics of included studies
plainn = 15- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The following 10 themes were identified: contemptuous, patronizing, and disrespectful treatment, lack of training, ambivalence, attribution of all health issues to excess weight, assumptions about weight gain, barriers to health care utilization, expectation of differential health care treatment, low trust and poor communication, avoidance or delay of health services, and ‘doctor shopping’.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Abstract > Findings:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of the studies included mixed samples of both female and male participants [n = 11 (52.4%)].”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Characteristics of included studies
plainn = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Patients felt that the emphasis health professionals put on their weight distracted from other health issues and resulted in feelings of not being listened to (Brown et al., 2006; Russell and Carryer, 2013).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Attribution of all health issues to excess weight
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brown et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Russell and Carryer, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These types of assumptions were often inaccurate, but health professionals did not listen when patients made efforts to correct them (Pryor, 2002; Merrill and Grassley, 2008; DeJoy et al., 2016).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Health professional assumptions about a patient’s weight gain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pryor, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Merrill and Grassley, 2008
- Not checked yetcites DeJoy et al., 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although seven studies reported the association between weight bias and decreased health care utilization, four studies reported different findings (Merrill and Grassley, 2008; Buxton and Snethen, 2013; Hilbert et al., 2014; Bottone et al., 2014).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Avoidance or delay of health services
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Merrill and Grassley, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Buxton and Snethen, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Hilbert et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Contrary to these results, a qualitative study conducted with women with obesity in a general practice setting reported that many participants denied being treated differently because of their weight and did not believe that they received less care (Buxton and Snethen, 2013).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Expectation of differential health care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buxton and Snethen, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Hilbert et al. reported that a greater BMI predicted greater weight bias internalization and greater health care utilization (Hilbert et al., 2014).”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Themes > Avoidance or delay of health services
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hilbert et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These stigmatizing attitudes are perceived and received by individuals with obesity and may contribute to the creation of multiple barriers to health care utilization”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drury and Louis, 2002
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Over the past decade, the prevalence of weight bias has increased in the United States by 66% and has been documented in employment, education, and health care settings”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andreyeva et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Puhl and Heuer, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts using the following keywords and their synonyms: weight bias, primary health care, and use of health care services.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Study selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All reviewers verified the data for accuracy and completeness.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Data charting
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Weight bias was cited as the fourth most common form of discrimination among US adults”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Puhl et al., 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Discrepancies were resolved by consensus between reviewers.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Study selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA- ScR) was used to guide the reporting for this scoping review”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tricco et al., 2018
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Not only does weight bias pose adverse mental and physical health consequences such as exercise avoidance (Vartanian and Shaprow, 2008), anxiety (Hilbert et al., 2014), low self-esteem (Hilbert et al., 2014), and depression (Hilbert et al., 2014)”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vartanian and Shaprow, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Hilbert et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, it is clear that weight bias negatively affects patients’ engagement in primary health care through their perceived barriers to health care utilization, expectations of differential health care treatment, low trust and poor communication, avoidance or delay of health services, and ‘doctor shopping’.”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Conclusion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Patients' self-reported perceptions of weight bias accurately reflect health professionals' actual weight bias.
- Rests on an assumption: The association between weight bias and avoidance or delay of health care is causal.
The paper relies on this without support.
Patients' self-reported perceptions of weight bias accurately reflect health professionals' actual weight bias.
“Patients with overweight and obesity who felt their primary care providers judged their weight were less likely to report high trust in these primary care practitioners (Gudzune et al., 2014a).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The included studies are sufficiently methodologically sound and comparable to synthesize into themes and conclusions.
“In this scoping review, we reviewed 21 published studies to examine the influence of weight bias on engagement in primary health care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The association between weight bias and avoidance or delay of health care is causal.
“The results of this review indicate that patients with overweight and obesity delay or avoid health care services as a result of health professionals’ weight bias.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Perceptions and/or experiences of weight bias in primary care settings have been shown to negatively influence patient engagement with health care services [210].”
From Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications (2020) · cites this paper as [210]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“N = 11(M = 2, F = 8) 19–64 years old registered with a primary care practice”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Data charting
Reported 11 · recomputed 10
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“N = 216 women from church sites 30–59 years old | Normal <27.5 kg/m2 (n = 137), mild obesity 27.5–30.0 kg/m2 (n = 19), moderate obesity >30–40 kg/m2 (n = 43), morbid obesity >40 kg/m2 (n = 11)”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Data charting
Reported 216 · recomputed 210
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“N = 2788 adults aged 25–64 years in 2008 | Normal weight (n = 1064), moderate obesity (n = 1273), and severe obesity (n = 291) at the time of participation in the ULF survey”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Data charting
Reported 2788 · recomputed 2628
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Data charting
“Underweight >20 kg/m2”
§ Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review > Data charting
“normal weight 20–24.9 kg/m2”
Citations
Cites
PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D. J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., et al. (2018) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m18-0850 · Cited by 43,565
Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework
Arksey, H., & O'Malley, L. (2005) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616 · Cited by 36,742
Lippa, N. C., & Sanderson, S. C. (2013) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000353712 · Cited by 6,095
The Stigma of Obesity: A Review and Update
Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.636 · Cited by 3,323 · cited 2×
“Weight bias and stigma, known as negative, prejudicial, or stereotypical beliefs and attitudes toward individuals based on their size, has been identified as a barrier to seeking health care services (Drury and Louis, 2002; Puhl and Heuer, 2009; Washington, 2011).”
BackgroundImpact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity
Phelan, S. M., Burgess, D. J., Yeazel, M. W., Hellerstedt, W. L., Griffin, J. M., & van Ryn, M. (2015) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12266 · Cited by 1,361
Puhl, R. M., Andreyeva, T., & Brownell, K. D. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.22 · Cited by 900
Changes in Perceived Weight Discrimination Among Americans, 1995–1996 Through 2004–2006
Andreyeva, T., Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.35 · Cited by 684
Implicit anti-fat bias among health professionals: is anyone immune?
Teachman, B., & Kd, B. (2001) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801745 · Cited by 598
Barriers to routine gynecological cancer screening for White and African-American obese women
Amy, N. K., Aalborg, A. E., Lyons, P., & Keränen, L. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803105 · Cited by 453
Effects of Weight Stigma on Exercise Motivation and Behavior
Vartanian, L. R., & Shaprow, J. G. (2007) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105307084318 · Cited by 401
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline
Wharton, S., Lau, D. C. W., Vallis, M., Sharma, A. M., Biertho, L., Campbell-Scherer, D., Adamo, K., Alberga, A., Bell, R., Boulé, N., et al. (2020) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.191707 · Cited by 1,506
Self-citationJoint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity
Rubino, F., Puhl, R. M., Cummings, D. E., Eckel, R. H., Ryan, D. H., Mechanick, J. I., Nadglowski, J., Ramos Salas, X., Schauer, P. R., Twenefour, D., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0803-x · Cited by 1,152
“A thematic analysis of 21 studies examined the perceptions of weight bias and its impact on engagement with primary health care services 43 .”
BackgroundObesity Stigma: Causes, Consequences, and Potential Solutions
Westbury, S., Oyebode, O., van Rens, T., & Barber, T. M. (2023) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-023-00495-3 · Cited by 317
Weight bias among health care professionals: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Lawrence, B. J., Kerr, D., Pollard, C. M., Theophilus, M., Alexander, E., Haywood, D., & O’Connor, M. (2021) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23266 · Cited by 283
Effective strategies in ending weight stigma in healthcare
Talumaa, B., Brown, A., Batterham, R. L., & Kalea, A. Z. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13494 · Cited by 250
Metadata
- Authors
- Alberga, A. S., Edache, I. Y., Forhan, M., & Russell-Mayhew, S.
- Affiliations
- Concordia University (CA)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Alberga, Angela S.
- Venue
- Primary Health Care Research & Development
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 20
- Pages
- e116-e116
- ISSN
- 1463-4236 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-1128
- PMC
- PMC6650789
- OpenAlex
- W2963174560
- Semantic Scholar
- 3ddb8d0f8b7f175fcb188f006c0c9a9ec4f5faa3
- Cited by
- 348
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Primary Health Care Research & Development (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Concordia University
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Patient-Provider Communication in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- weight bias, obesity, health care utilization, primary care, patient engagement, doctor shopping, patient trust, clinician attitudes, barriers to care, weight stigma
- MeSH terms
- Weight Prejudice, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Weight, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Primary Health Care, Body Mass Index, Qualitative Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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