Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline
Open accessAbstract
KEY POINTS Obesity is a complex chronic disease in which abnormal or excess body fat (adiposity) impairs health, increases the risk of long-term medical complications and reduces lifespan.[1][1] Epidemiologic studies define obesity using the body mass index (BMI; weight/height2), which can stratify
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Scoring and staging systems and treatment algorithms for obesity are based on the presence of other diseases (often referred to as comorbidities), rather than clinical manifestations of obesity itself.
“Typically, scoring and staging systems and treatment algorithms for obesity are based on the presence of other diseases (often referred to as comorbidities), rather than clinical manifestations of obesity itself.”
From Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
The guideline’s discussion of the Edmonton Obesity Staging System says it considers metabolic, physical and psychological parameters to guide treatment, rather than relying on the presence of other diseases instead of clinical manifestations. Its Level 3 recommendation likewise proposes the system to assess obesity severity and guide decisions. The cited paper therefore does not support the claimed contrast. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCurrent guidelines recommend adjunctive antiobesity medications to promote weight reduction, facilitate weight maintenance, and improve health outcomes in people with obesity.
“Therefore, current guidelines recommend adjunctive antiobesity medications to promote weight reduction, facilitate weight maintenance, and improve health outcomes in people with obesity.2,3,4”
From Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
The Pharmacotherapy section recommends adjunctive medication for weight loss and weight-loss maintenance, but limits that recommendation to people with BMI ≥30 kg/m² or BMI ≥27 kg/m² with adiposity-related complications. The section does not explicitly recommend medication to improve health outcomes; the Nutrition and exercise section discusses health-related outcomes for combined interventions more broadly. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredObesity is a chronic disease characterised by excess adiposity that impairs health and affects about 650 million people worldwide.
“Obesity is a chronic disease characterised by excess adiposity that impairs health and affects about 650 million people worldwide [1, 2].”
From What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity? (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
The Abstract defines obesity as a chronic disease in which excess adiposity impairs health, and Step 1 repeats that definition. The Abstract says prevalence has increased worldwide, but it does not give the claimed figure of about 650 million people; a search for “650” found no matching passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredObesity is often associated with stigma, which impairs quality of life and increases morbidity.
“Obesity is often associated with stigma, which impairs quality of life and increases morbidity.6”
From Obesity Management in Adults (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
The Abstract (page not provided) says people with obesity experience pervasive weight bias and stigma, which contributes to increased morbidity independently of weight or BMI. The guideline mentions reduced quality of life in its complications graphic, but does not clearly attribute that reduction to stigma rather than obesity more broadly. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAccording to the USPSTF, the evidence supports referring all adults with obesity to intensive, multicomponent behavioral interventions for both weight reduction and weight maintenance.
“According to the USPSTF, the evidence supports referring all adults with obesity to intensive, multicomponent behavioral interventions for both weight reduction and weight maintenance.”
From Nutritional priorities to support <scp>GLP</scp> ‐1 therapy for obesity: A joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society (2025) · cites this paper as [98]
Recommendation 58 in the Conclusion supports referral of people with overweight or obesity to personalized, multicomponent primary-care programs. The guideline does not attribute that recommendation to the USPSTF or specify intensive interventions for both weight reduction and maintenance; its Other guidelines section discusses a Canadian task force instead. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Edmonton Obesity Staging System classifies risk based on several factors independent of BMI; higher severity scores are associated with increased all-cause mortality (HR 2.69; 95% CI 1.98-3.67).
“The Edmonton Obesity Staging System classifies risk based on several factors independent of BMI6; higher severity scores are associated with increased all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.98-3.67).30”
From Obesity Management in Adults (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
The guideline’s Abstract says the Edmonton Obesity Staging System predicts all-cause mortality better than BMI or waist circumference alone, supporting the mortality association. It does not report the cited hazard ratio of 2.69 or its 95% confidence interval of 1.98–3.67. The separate citation attached to the sentence’s description of how the system classifies risk is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn 2020, Canada issued obesity treatment guidelines that differ from US guidelines in that recommended antiobesity medication options do not include phentermine or phentermine-containing compounds.
“In 2020, Canada issued its own obesity treatment guidelines which have since been replicated in other countries.178 The Canadian guidelines primarily differ from US based documents in that recommended antiobesity medication options do not include phentermine or phentermine containing compounds, which are unavailable in that country.”
From Effectiveness and safety of drugs for obesity (2024) · cites this paper as [178]
The Pharmacotherapy section recommends liraglutide, naltrexone-bupropion and orlistat, but not phentermine or a phentermine-containing compound. The guideline does not establish that this is the primary difference from US guidelines or state that phentermine is unavailable in Canada. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLong-term adherence to behavioural changes is often insufficient, as seen in obesity trials.
“In addition, long-term adherence to behavioural changes is often insuf fi cient, as seen in obesity trials. 282”
From EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). (2024) · cites this paper as [282]
The Nutrition and exercise section says sustaining weight loss can be difficult long term, and Gaps in knowledge says weight regain remains a challenge for many treated patients. Those passages support a long-term difficulty in obesity management, but they do not establish that insufficient adherence to behavioural changes is often the reason, or report that finding from obesity trials. The guideline also identifies compensatory biological mechanisms as a reason weight loss may be difficult to sustain (page unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAerobic activity (30-60 min) on most days of the week can lead to a small amount of weight and fat loss, improvement in cardiometabolic parameters, maintenance of fat-free mass during weight loss and weight maintenance after weight loss.
“Aerobic activity (30 -60 min) on most days of the week can lead to a small amount of weight and fat loss, improvement in cardiometabolic parameters, maintenance of fat-free mass during weight loss and weight maintenance after weight loss. 282”
From EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). (2024) · cites this paper as [282]
The Nutrition and exercise section states that aerobic activity for 30–60 minutes on most days can lead to small amounts of weight and fat loss, improved cardiometabolic parameters, and weight maintenance after weight loss. It does not say that aerobic activity maintains fat-free mass during weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredScoring and staging systems of obesity, and policies for coverage of treatments, estimate the clinical effect of obesity on the basis of the presence of other diseases, often referred to as comorbidities.
“Consistently, scoring and staging systems of obesity, and policies for coverage of treatments, estimate the clinical effect of obesity on the basis of the presence of other diseases, often referred to as comorbidities.16–18”
From Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
The guideline’s discussion of the Edmonton Obesity Staging System says it uses metabolic, physical and psychological parameters to assess severity and guide treatment, supporting the point that staging considers health effects beyond BMI. The Step 5: Follow-up and advocacy and Implementation sections discuss treatment coverage and access, but do not say coverage policies estimate obesity’s clinical effect from the presence of comorbidities. The staging description also does not reduce its assessment to the presence of other diseases. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLifestyle intervention with behavioral modifications focused on a calorie-restricted diet and regular exercise has long been the cornerstone of obesity management.
“Lifestyle intervention that includes behavioral modifications focused on adhering to a calorie-restricted diet and regular exercise has long been the cornerstone of obesity management (16).”
From The Benefits of Exercise Training in Combination With Weight Loss Therapies (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Evidence-based obesity treatment includes interventions addressing 5 major categories: behavioral interventions, nutrition, physical activity, pharmacotherapy, and metabolic/bariatric procedures.
“Evidence-based obesity treatment includes interventions addressing 5 major categories: behavioral interventions, nutrition, physical activity, pharmacotherapy, and metabolic/bariatric procedures.”
From Obesity Management in Adults (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
Such interventions can yield 3-5% reduction in body weight, leading to improvements in obesity-related comorbidities.
“Such interventions can yield significant outcomes, with a 3–5% reduction in body weight achievable through health behavioural changes, leading to tangible improvements in obesity-related comorbidities (62).”
From Transforming body composition with semaglutide in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (2024) · cites this paper as [62]
Metformin is recommended across treatment guidelines for the prevention and management of antipsychotic-induced weight gain.
“At present, metformin, which is considered the first-line treatment for T2D globally, has shown evidence in the prevention and management of AIWG among patients, and is now recommended across treatment guidelines for this indication.14–17”
From The Effect of Semaglutide on Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain and Other Metabolic Parameters, among a Cohort of Inpatients (2026) · cites this paper as [16]
The guideline’s mental-health recommendation (Level 4, grade D; page unavailable) calls for monitoring weight, glucose and lipids in people taking medications associated with weight gain. Its Pharmacotherapy section names other weight-loss drugs, but our copy does not address metformin for antipsychotic-induced weight gain or say that treatment guidelines recommend it (searched: antipsychotic-induced weight gain, metformin and mental-health medications). (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Obesity advocate for the use of a 5-step communication strategy between healthcare providers and people with obesity.
“the Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Obesity advocate for the use of a 5-step communication strategy between healthcare providers and people with obesity [Fig. 5] [84].”
From Application of nutrition interventions with GLP-1 based therapies: A narrative review of the challenges and solutions (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
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Behavioural interventions for preventing and treating obesity in adults
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Inequities in Healthcare: A Review of Bias and Discrimination in Obesity Treatment
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Self-citationWeight Loss Strategies for Obese Adults: Personalized Weight Management Program vs. Standard Care
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Redefining obesity: Beyond the numbers
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Self-citationA critical analysis of obesity prevention policies and strategies
Salas, X. R., Forhan, M. A., Caulfield, T., Sharma, A. M., & Raine, K. D. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/cjph.108.6044 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationM, M, M & M: a mnemonic for assessing obesity
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Self-citationLong term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis
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Self-citationLuig, T., Anderson, R., Sharma, A. M., & Campbell-Scherer, D. L. (2018) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12283 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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Obesity Prevention and Management Strategies in Canada: Shifting Paradigms and Putting People First
Sharma, A. M., & Salas, X. R. (2018) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-018-0309-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation"Lose 40 pounds in 4 weeks": Regulating commercial weight-loss programs
Freedhoff, Y., & Sharma, A. M. (2009) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.090071 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationInequalities in access to bariatric surgery in Canada
Sharma, A. M. (2015) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.150697 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationThe orbitofrontal cortex functionally links obesity and white matter hyperintensities
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Addressing Obesity via Diabetes Self-management Education and Training
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Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity
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Self-citationTirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity
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Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity
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GLP-1 physiology informs the pharmacotherapy of obesity
Drucker, D. J. (2022) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101351 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
A new framework for the diagnosis, staging and management of obesity in adults
Busetto, L., Dicker, D., Frühbeck, G., Halford, J. C. G., Sbraccia, P., Yumuk, V., & Goossens, G. H. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03095-3 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy of obesity: an update on the available medications and drugs under investigation
Chakhtoura, M., Haber, R., Ghezzawi, M., Rhayem, C., Tcheroyan, R., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2023) · eClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101882 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Wadden, T. A., Chao, A. M., Machineni, S., Kushner, R., Ard, J., Srivastava, G., Halpern, B., Zhang, S., Chen, J., Bunck, M. C., et al. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02597-w · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Holmes, C. J., & Racette, S. B. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082493 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Ahmed, S. K., & Mohammed, R. A. (2025) · Metabolism Open · doi:10.1016/j.metop.2025.100375 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on Pharmacological Interventions for Adults With Obesity
Grunvald, E., Shah, R., Hernaez, R., Chandar, A. K., Pickett-Blakely, O., Teigen, L. M., Harindhanavudhi, T., Sultan, S., Singh, S., & Davitkov, P. (2022) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2022.08.045 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity?
Melson, E., Ashraf, U., Papamargaritis, D., & Davies, M. J. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01473-y · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“Obesity is a chronic disease characterised by excess adiposity that impairs health and affects about 650 million people worldwide [1, 2].”
Obesity and cardiovascular disease: An ESC clinical consensus statement
Koskinas, K. C., Van Craenenbroeck, E. M., Antoniades, C., Blüher, M., Gorter, T. M., Hanssen, H., Marx, N., McDonagh, T. A., Mingrone, G., Rosengren, A., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae508 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Oppert, J., Bellicha, A., van Baak, M. A., Battista, F., Beaulieu, K., Blundell, J. E., Carraça, E. V., Encantado, J., Ermolao, A., Pramono, A., et al. (2021) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13273 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Shi, Q., Wang, Y., Hao, Q., Vandvik, P. O., Guyatt, G., Li, J., Chen, Z., Xu, S., Shen, Y., Ge, L., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01640-8 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
RetractedClinical management and treatment of obesity in China
Zeng, Q., Li, N., Pan, X.-F., Chen, L., & Pan, A. (2021) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00047-4 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Lau, D. C. W., Erichsen, L., Francisco, A. M., Satylganova, A., le Roux, C. W., McGowan, B., Pedersen, S. D., Pietiläinen, K. H., Rubino, D., & Batterham, R. L. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01751-7 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citationWharton, S., Davies, M., Dicker, D., Lingvay, I., Mosenzon, O., Rubino, D. M., & Pedersen, S. D. (2022) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2021.2002616 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citationWharton, S., Calanna, S., Davies, M., Dicker, D., Goldman, B., Lingvay, I., Mosenzon, O., Rubino, D. M., Thomsen, M., Wadden, T. A., et al. (2022) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14551 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“Weight management guidelines recommend pharmacotherapy as an adjunct to lifestyle interventions in patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m(2), or ≥27 kg/m(2) with weight-related comorbidities.(3-6) Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) indicated for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and now ap…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThomsen, R. W., Mailhac, A., Løhde, J. B., & Pottegård, A. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16364 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
McGowan, B. M., Bruun, J. M., Capehorn, M., Pedersen, S. D., Pietiläinen, K. H., Muniraju, H. A. K., Quiroga, M., Varbo, A., & Lau, D. C. W. (2024) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(24)00182-7 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationShi, Q., Wang, Y., Hao, Q., Vandvik, P. O., Guyatt, G., Li, J., Chen, Z., Xu, S., Shen, Y., Ge, L., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00351-9 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Ryan, L., Coyne, R., Heary, C., Birney, S., Crotty, M., Dunne, R., Conlan, O., & Walsh, J. C. (2023) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13606 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Strategies for minimizing muscle loss during use of incretin‐mimetic drugs for treatment of obesity
Mechanick, J. I., Butsch, W. S., Christensen, S. M., Hamdy, O., Li, Z., Prado, C. M., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2025) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13841 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
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“[92]. f Data from Ref.”
Nutritional considerations with antiobesity medications
Almandoz, J. P., Wadden, T. A., Tewksbury, C., Apovian, C. M., Fitch, A., Ard, J. D., Li, Z., Richards, J., Butsch, W. S., Jouravskaya, I., et al. (2024) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.24067 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Prior to initiation of AOM therapy, it is important to establish expectations for treatment, including the potential magnitude of weight reduction with different agents and the heterogeneity of response [4].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSarma, S., & Palcu, P. (2022) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23563 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Mozaffarian, D., Agarwal, M., Aggarwal, M., Alexander, L., Apovian, C. M., Bindlish, S., Bonnet, J., Butsch, W. S., Christensen, S., Gianos, E., et al. (2025) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.24336 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Hassapidou, M., Vlassopoulos, A., Kalliostra, M., Govers, E., Mulrooney, H., Ells, L., Salas, X. R., Muscogiuri, G., Darleska, T. H., Busetto, L., et al. (2023) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000528083 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationHorn, D. B., Almandoz, J. P., & Look, M. (2022) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2022.2051366 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Eglseer, D., Traxler, M., Embacher, S., Reiter, L., Schoufour, J. D., Weijs, P. J. M., Voortman, T., Boirie, Y., Cruz-Jentoft, A., & Bauer, S. (2023) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.001 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Physical activity and exercise for weight loss and maintenance in people living with obesity
Oppert, J.-M., Ciangura, C., & Bellicha, A. (2023) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-023-09805-5 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Emerging pharmacotherapies for obesity: A systematic review
Kokkorakis, M., Chakhtoura, M., Rhayem, C., Al Rifai, J., Ghezzawi, M., Valenzuela-Vallejo, L., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2025) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.123.001045 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Hankosky, E. R., Wang, H., Neff, L. M., Kan, H., Wang, F., Ahmad, N. N., Griffin, R., Stefanski, A., & Garvey, W. T. (2024) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15318 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Xie, Z., Yang, S., Deng, W., Li, J., & Chen, J. (2022) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s391819 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Morgan-Bathke, M., Raynor, H. A., Baxter, S. D., Halliday, T. M., Lynch, A., Malik, N., Garay, J. L., & Rozga, M. (2023) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2022.11.014 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Management of Obesity in Cardiovascular Practice
Després, J.-P., Carpentier, A. C., Tchernof, A., Neeland, I. J., & Poirier, P. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.05.035 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationNadolsky, K., Addison, B., Agarwal, M., Almandoz, J. P., Bird, M. D., DeGeeter Chaplin, M., Garvey, W. T., & Kyle, T. K. (2023) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2023.03.272 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Do GLP-1 Analogs Have a Place in the Treatment of PCOS? New Insights and Promising Therapies
Szczesnowicz, A., Szeliga, A., Niwczyk, O., Bala, G., & Meczekalski, B. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12185915 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Smartphone camera based assessment of adiposity: a validation study
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Tinsley, G. M., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2024) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvae164 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“While a shift in the focus of obesity treatment from weight management alone to improving patient-centered health outcomes has been promoted [3 ], weight loss remains a typical treatment goal.”
BackgroundLee, J. J., Khan, T. A., McGlynn, N., Malik, V. S., Hill, J. O., Leiter, L. A., Jeppesen, P. B., Rahelić, D., Kahleová, H., Salas-Salvadó, J., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-2130 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationPharmacotherapy for obesity management in adults: 2025 clinical practice guideline update
Pedersen, S. D., Manjoo, P., Dash, S., Jain, A., Pearce, N., & Poddar, M. (2025) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.250502 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“In this 2025 update, we build upon the principles established in the 2020 Canadian adult obesity guideline, 8 including a strong emphasis on patient-centred care, shared decision-making, and the recognition and reduction of weight stigma and bias in clinical practice.”
Self-citationEffectiveness and safety of drugs for obesity
Henderson Lewis, K., Sloan, C. E., Bessesen, D. H., & Arterburn, D. (2024) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072686 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Dysregulated resting state functional connectivity and obesity: A systematic review
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Fecal microbiota transplantation in obesity metabolism: A meta analysis and systematic review
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Self-citationDeng, Y., Park, A., Zhu, L., Xie, W., & Pan, C. Q. (2022) · Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease · doi:10.1177/20406223221108064 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-compassion in weight management: A systematic review
Brenton-Peters, J., Consedine, N. S., Boggiss, A., Wallace-Boyd, K., Roy, R., & Serlachius, A. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110617 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Burnatowska, E., Wikarek, A., Oboza, P., Ogarek, N., Glinianowicz, M., Kocelak, P., & Olszanecka-Glinianowicz, M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15020295 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Therefore, in accordance with Polish [4] and Canadian [77] recommendations, in women with PCOS and EE, BED, or NES, if there are no contraindications, pharmacological treatment of obesity should be used, and the medications recommended in these patients is a combination of bupropion”
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Hankosky, E. R., Wang, H., Neff, L. M., Kan, H., Wang, F., Ahmad, N. N., Stefanski, A., & Garvey, W. T. (2023) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15269 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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Self-citationTransforming body composition with semaglutide in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Ma, X., Liu, R., Pratt, E. J., Benson, C. T., Bhattachar, S. N., & Sloop, K. W. (2024) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-024-01554-1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kamarul Zaman, M., Teng, N. I. M. F., Kasim, S. S., Juliana, N., & Alshawsh, M. A. (2023) · World Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.4330/wjc.v15.i7.354 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Atlas, S. J., Kim, K., Nhan, E., Touchette, D. R., Moradi, A., Agboola, F., Rind, D. M., Beaudoin, F. L., & Pearson, S. D. (2023) · Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2023.29.5.569 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Dai, Y., Luo, B., & Li, W. (2023) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-023-01774-7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Nonsurgical weight loss interventions: a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Twells, L. K., Harris Walsh, K., Blackmore, A., Adey, T., Donnan, J., Peddle, J., Ryan, D., Farrell, A., Nguyen, H., Gao, Z., et al. (2021) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13320 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Wharton, S., Lau, D. C. W., Vallis, M., Sharma, A. M., Biertho, L., Campbell-Scherer, D., Adamo, K., Alberga, A., Bell, R., Boulé, N., Boyling, E., Brown, J., Calam, B., Clarke, C., Crowshoe, L., Divalentino, D., Forhan, M., Freedhoff, Y., Gagner, M., Glazer, S., Grand, C., Green, M., Hahn, M., Hawa, R., Henderson, R., Hong, D., Hung, P., Janssen, I., Jacklin, K., Johnson-Stoklossa, C., Kemp, A., Kirk, S., Kuk, J., Langlois, M.-F., Lear, S., McInnes, A., Macklin, D., Naji, L., Manjoo, P., Morin, M.-P., Nerenberg, K., Patton, I., Pedersen, S., Pereira, L., Piccinini-Vallis, H., Poddar, M., Poirier, P., Prud’homme, D., Salas, X. R., Rueda-Clausen, C., Russell-Mayhew, S., Shiau, J., Sherifali, D., Sievenpiper, J., Sockalingam, S., Taylor, V., Toth, E., Twells, L., Tytus, R., Walji, S., Walker, L., & Wicklum, S.
- Affiliations
- Alberta Health Services (CA)
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- ORCID
- Wharton, Sean
- Lau, David C.W.
- Vallis, Michael
- Sharma, Arya M.
- Biertho, Laurent
- Campbell-Scherer, Denise
- Adamo, Kristi
- Alberga, Angela
- Bell, Rhonda
- Boulé, Normand
- Brown, Jennifer
- Forhan, Mary
- Freedhoff, Yoni
- Gagner, Michel
- Glazer, Stephen
- Green, Michael
- Hahn, Margaret
- Hawa, Raed
- Henderson, Rita
- Hong, Dennis
- Hung, Pam
- Janssen, Ian
- Jacklin, Kristen
- Kirk, Sara
- Kuk, Jennifer
- Langlois, Marie-France
- Lear, Scott
- Naji, Leen
- Manjoo, Priya
- Nerenberg, Kara
- Patton, Ian
- Pedersen, Sue
- Poddar, Megha
- Poirier, Paul
- Prud’homme, Denis
- Salas, Ximena Ramos
- Sherifali, Diana
- Sievenpiper, John
- Sockalingam, Sanjeev
- Taylor, Valerie
- Twells, Laurie
- Tytus, Richard
- Wicklum, Sonja
- Venue
- Canadian Medical Association Journal
- Publisher
- CMA Impact Inc.
- Published
- 2020-08-03
- Volume
- 192
- Issue
- 31
- Pages
- E875-E891
- ISSN
- 0820-3946 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2329
- PMC
- PMC7828878
- OpenAlex
- W3046790675
- Semantic Scholar
- e8e91e34da0231c37e2cf47fa5220218b31c4a5a
- Cited by
- 1,506
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 218 · 2025: 284 · 2024: 331 · 2023: 290 · 2022: 226 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 15 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 125.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Canadian Medical Association Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- AstraZeneca
- PepsiCo
- Almond Board of California
- Sunovion
- Dairy Farmers of Canada
- Nestlé Health Science
- Valeant Pharmaceuticals International
- Canadian Cardiovascular Society
- Diabetes Canada
- European Food Safety Authority
- Glycemic Index Foundation
- Loblaw Companies Limited
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
- Soy Nutrition Institute
- Society for Endocrinology
- European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes
- University of Toronto
- Novo Nordisk
- International Nut and Dried Fruit Council
- Bausch Health
- International Sweeteners Association
- Health Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Obesity Canada
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Obesity and Health Practices
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Keywords
- obesity, adult obesity, body mass index, adiposity, obesity treatment, chronic disease, lifespan reduction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Canada, Female, Humans, Male, Obesity, Pregnancy, Primary Health Care, Body Mass Index
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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