The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 10 of the 74 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Structure of Intersectionality: A Comparative Politics of Gender
Abstract
A comparative analysis of gender relations incorporates and goes beyond a “women and politics” approach by focusing on the organization of political life, illuminating the systematic way that social norms, laws, practices, and institutions advantage certain groups and forms of life and disadvantage others. In order to illuminate the various ways that women and men are advantaged and disadvantaged as women and men, gender analysis must incorporate analysis of race, class, sexuality, and other axes of disadvantage, and explore interactions among them. These axes are defined differently in different national contexts, and so examining variation across national borders illuminates the variety of social arrangements that are consistent with human biology: This type of analysis thereby denaturalizes and politicizes gender, racial/ethnic, and class relations (among others). The wide variety of modes and degrees of resistance to these forms of social organization, and success in challenging them, illuminate and inspire new strategies of resistance for people in other countries.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Weldon argues that a comparative politics of gender should treat gender as a social structure and analyze how it interacts with race, class, and other axes of inequality. She proposes an “intersectionality-plus” model that permits autonomous, multiplicative, and intersectional effects, rather than assuming all effects are intersectional only.
Key findings
- A women-and-politics approach recovers women’s experiences, but a politics of gender must examine how gender structures advantage and disadvantage groups and how gender norms shape men and women across race and class.
- Weldon contends that intersectionality is often read as denying any independent effects of gender, race, or class; she argues this “intersectionality-only” reading is too restrictive and is not required by the concept itself.
- She distinguishes additive, multiplicative, and intersectional effects, using regression-style equations and a transparency/quilt metaphor; intersectional effects are qualitatively distinct and cannot be derived from the separate axes.
- The “intersectionality-plus” model is better suited to comparative research because the salience and interaction of social structures can vary across countries and over time.
Methods
- Theoretical/conceptual essay with no original empirical data or sample; it engages feminist theory, intersectionality scholarship, and comparative politics.
- Main analysis is conceptual: it defines gender as structure, reviews critiques of gender as a category, and formalizes possible relationships among axes of inequality.
- It uses illustrative examples—such as light passing through colored transparencies and regression equations—to distinguish models of structural interaction.
Limitations
- Stated: the concept of intersectionality is indeterminate about how social structures relate; further theoretical and empirical specification is needed in particular contexts.
- Stated: the argument does not reject intersectionality but calls for more theorization of the structure of intersectionality.
- Evident: the essay is programmatic and does not test the proposed models empirically; the equations and metaphors are heuristic, and no data are analyzed.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
81 Own interpretation · 41 No basis given · 25 Sources not found · 9 Own result · 7 Supported so far · 5 Not checked yet · 3 Partly supported · 3 No full text of the sources · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, the critique of gender analysis advanced by many women of color focuses on differences in structural position, not just differences in identity or agency (Collins 1990;Crenshaw 1991;Hurtado 1989).”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender Structure and Structural Inequalities among Women
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Crenshaw 1991 source
The Introduction (p. 2) critiques feminist discourse for overlooking how racism and sexism intersect in women of color’s lives. The Structural Intersectionality section (pp. 2–3) locates differences in poverty, employment, housing, and other obstacles, rather than treating them solely as matters of identity or individual psychology. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hurtado 1989 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, these group-specific experiences reveal aspects of gender structure that are important for understanding the overall social context (Collins 1990(Collins , 1998;;Crenshaw 1991;Harris 1990;Hooks 1981Hooks , 2000;;Hurtado 1989).”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender as a Category of Analysis: The Analysis of Gender Structures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Crenshaw 1991 source
In the Introduction (pp. 1–2), Crenshaw argues that overlooking differences within groups obscures how race and class shape women’s experiences. In Structural Intersectionality (p. 3), she uses the experiences of women of color to show how gender, race, and class structures intersect. This supports the citing sentence’s broader paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris 1990 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“But these marks of the female condition are nevertheless race or class specific-they are not shared by all women, and may not even be visible unless we focus on specific race-class-gender groups.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender as a Category of Analysis: The Analysis of Gender Structures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Crenshaw 1991 source
The Introduction (pp. 1–2) says that ignoring differences within the category of women obscures experiences shaped by race and class, and that the experiences of women of color are often unrepresented in feminist and antiracist discourse. Structural Intersectionality (pp. 2–3) further describes how race, gender, and class jointly shape experiences that approaches based on other women's circumstances overlook. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris 1990 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Feminist scholars of color have argued convincingly that an account that focuses only on gender will not be able to provide a full reckoning of the ways that women are disadvantaged:”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender as a Category of Analysis: The Analysis of Gender Structures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Crenshaw 1991 source
In the introduction (pp. 1–2), Crenshaw argues that violence against women is shaped by race and class as well as gender, and that treating women as a single undifferentiated group overlooks those differences. She also says that Black women's experiences cannot be captured wholly by examining race or gender separately. This supports the citing sentence's paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris 1990 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Specifically, they claim that certain aspects of social inequality, certain social problems and injustices, will not be visible as long as we focus on gender, race and class separately (Collins 1990;Crenshaw 1991;Harris 1990;Hurtado 1989;Roth 2004).”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender as a Category of Analysis: The Analysis of Gender Structures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Crenshaw 1991 source
The Introduction (p. 2) says that some experiences of Black women cannot be captured by examining race and gender separately. The Structural Intersectionality discussion (pp. 2–3) adds that class is not independent of race and gender, supporting the claim that a separate focus can obscure certain injustices. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris 1990 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Equally, as Joyce Gelb's (2003) comparison between the United States and Japan demonstrates, and the chapters in the book by Lee Ann Banaszak, Karen Beckwith, and Dieter Rucht (2003) on women's movements in Western Europe and North America show, feminist actors working outside of institutions have, under certain conditions, also enjoyed a degree of agency, enabling them to unsettle expectations”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender and Institutional Dynamism
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gelb 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Banaszak, Beckwith, and Rucht 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparative institutional research across three Westminsterstyle bureaucracies-in Australia, Canada, and the UK-bears out this assumption.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender and Institutional Norms
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“For example, studies of the United Nations demonstrate that despite a commitment to the principle of gender equality, most UN bodies, including human rights treaty bodies, have failed to make gender a policy priority (see Freeman 1999;Gallagher 1997).”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender and Institutional Dynamism
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Freeman 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gallagher 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One-quarter of the papers winning awards in the Women and Politics Research Section have comparative themes.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Too Few for Impact
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the major constraints keeping scholars-especially women but increasingly also men-from doing more comparative work is the difficulty of carrying out fieldwork if one has children.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Too Few for Impact
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 77
- It may state two separate claims as one. 35
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In some ways, women of color are disadvantaged as women of color; poor women are disadvantaged as poor women.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender as a Category of Analysis: The Analysis of Gender Structures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Crenshaw 1991 source
In the introduction (pp. 1–2), Crenshaw says that women of color’s experiences are shaped by intersecting racism and sexism and are frequently marginalized by approaches that address only one or the other. This supports the attributed claim that women of color can be disadvantaged specifically as women of color. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris 1990 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In some ways, women of color are disadvantaged as women of color; poor women are disadvantaged as poor women.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender as a Category of Analysis: The Analysis of Gender Structures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Crenshaw 1991 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Structural Intersectionality and Battering” (pp. 2–3 of our copy), Crenshaw describes poverty-related burdens arising from gender and class oppression and explains that class shapes women of color’s experiences. The passage focuses on women of color facing battering, however; it does not make the same general claim about poor women as a group. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris 1990 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“But these marks of the female condition are nevertheless race or class specific-they are not shared by all women, and may not even be visible unless we focus on specific race-class-gender groups.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender as a Category of Analysis: The Analysis of Gender Structures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Crenshaw 1991 source
The Introduction (pp. 1–2) says that treating women as a single group ignores differences shaped by race and class, and that women of color’s experiences are often unrepresented in feminist discourse. The Structural Intersectionality section (pp. 2–3) describes experiences that differ from those of white women, supporting the need to focus on specific groups to see them. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris 1990 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Indeed, theorists of intersectionality insist that we cannot understand the ways that women are disadvantaged as women nor the ways that people of color are oppressed unless we examine the ways these structures interact.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender as a Category of Analysis: The Analysis of Gender Structures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Crenshaw 1991 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (pp. 1–2) says that treating “woman” and “person of color” as separate categories obscures the experiences of women of color. It supports examining how racism and sexism interact, but the claim extends that point to understanding the disadvantage of women and the oppression of people of color generally, beyond the paper’s stated focus. (LLM, conf=0.79)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris 1990 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“But it is important to note that intersectional effects are by definition effects that cannot be derived as any function of gender, race, and class considered independently (Crenshaw 1991;Harris 1990).”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > The Structure of Intersectionality: Two Approaches
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Crenshaw 1991 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the Introduction (p. 2), Crenshaw says many Black women’s experiences cannot be captured wholly by examining race or gender separately. In Structural Intersectionality (pp. 2–3), she also says the class dimension is not independent of race and gender. These passages support the core point, but do not define intersectional effects as categorically impossible to derive from any function of the three factors considered independently. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris 1990 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Historically, the norm of neutrality has always been in operation within the Australian public sector, but it has been weakened by a tolerance for advocates of sectional interests to work within the bureaucracy to advance their aims.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender and Institutional Norms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“By contrast, in both Canada and the United Kingdom, feminists wanting to engage with the civil service have been confronted with the operation of stronger neutrality norms.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender and Institutional Norms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In some cases, extant research shows, women acting as women dominate or exclude other women; women have conflicting interests as women; women do not mutually identify as women.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender Structure and Structural Inequalities among Women
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Crenshaw 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hurtado 1989 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, much comparative analysis of gender delineates the ways that gender norms and practices vary across groups of women and men as well as across nations, regions, generations, and cultural groups (Duncan 1995(Duncan , 1996;;Inglehart and Norris 2003;Lewis 1993).”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender Structure and Structural Inequalities among Women
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Duncan 1995 source
- Not matchedcites Inglehart and Norris 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Lewis 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The supports within departments and academic institutions for parents in the field are virtually nonexistent.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Too Few for Impact
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But even given the newness of the field, comparative politics has changed very little with respect to gender perspectives.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Why So Slow? The Challenges of Gendering Comparative Politics Aili Mari Tripp, University of Wisconsin at Madison
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Female peace activists were central to Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf's successful 2005 bid for the presidency in Liberia, ushering in the first hope the country has had in decades for stability and democratization.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Why So Slow? The Challenges of Gendering Comparative Politics Aili Mari Tripp, University of Wisconsin at Madison
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“my research found that comparative political scientists working on gender are publishing in women's studies journals, such as International Feminist Journal of Politics, Differences, Gender and Development, Feminist Economics, Feminist Review, Signs, and Women's Studies International Forum.They are publishing in area studies journals and in single-issue”
- Also stated in: § Too Few for Impact · plain
“They are also publishing in second-tier political science journals, in journals of other disciplines (e.g., Gender and Society, Social Politics, Contemporary Sociology, Politics and Society), and in political science journals abroad.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Too Few for Impact · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even cross-national studies suffer from a lack of data from major swaths of the world, making these studies incomplete and unrepresentative of global trends and regional differences.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Why So Slow? The Challenges of Gendering Comparative Politics Aili Mari Tripp, University of Wisconsin at Madison
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The new methodologically driven trends in political science have lessened the interest in country-based fieldwork that would produce the kind of research that would elicit more in-depth understanding of gender processes.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Why So Slow? The Challenges of Gendering Comparative Politics Aili Mari Tripp, University of Wisconsin at Madison
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Sierra Leone, women were the only group that openly defied soldiers as they demonstrated to demand that free elections be held when rumors began to circulate that the military might postpone the February 1996 elections.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Why So Slow? The Challenges of Gendering Comparative Politics Aili Mari Tripp, University of Wisconsin at Madison
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Mali, thousands of demonstrating women and children were shot at by forces of President Moussa Traoré in a series of events that led to his downfall.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Why So Slow? The Challenges of Gendering Comparative Politics Aili Mari Tripp, University of Wisconsin at Madison
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of men who became fathers in this same time period, 77% earned tenure, while of the men who never had babies, “only” 71% got tenure.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Too Few for Impact
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mary Ann Mason and Marc Goulden
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Uganda, women's groups sent in more memoranda to the Constitutional Commission than any other sector of civil society.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Why So Slow? The Challenges of Gendering Comparative Politics Aili Mari Tripp, University of Wisconsin at Madison
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To return to my example, I am still stunned by the fact that most scholars of democratization, and those working on Africa, in particular, have gone out of their way to ignore the role of women in African democratization efforts to the detriment of their own studies.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Why So Slow? The Challenges of Gendering Comparative Politics Aili Mari Tripp, University of Wisconsin at Madison
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2004, of all books on women and politics reviewed in Women's Review of Books, half (35 out of 66) were comparative, although not all were by political scientists.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Too Few for Impact
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Kenya in the early 1990s, women were at the forefront of protests defending imprisoned human rights activists and found themselves in violent clashes with police.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Why So Slow? The Challenges of Gendering Comparative Politics Aili Mari Tripp, University of Wisconsin at Madison
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the university presses-Johns Hopkins, Rutgers, Duke, and Cambridge-all published three books each in this area in 2004, while Indiana, Michigan, Pittsburgh, and Oxford each published only one.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Too Few for Impact
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Academic expectations and norms were not established with academic mothers in mind, nor have they been sufficiently modified as more women have entered academia.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Too Few for Impact
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is too little scholarship focusing on gender and on women from a comparative perspective for us to have a significant impact in our field.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Why So Slow? The Challenges of Gendering Comparative Politics Aili Mari Tripp, University of Wisconsin at Madison
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Most comparativists in the United States have written about these processes of democratization in Africa as if women were of no consequence, and they have done so to the detriment of their scholarship (e.g., Bratton and van de Walle 1997;Clark and Gardinier 1997;Joseph 1999;Ottaway 1997, just to cite a few of the widely read books and edited collections on democratization in Africa).”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Why So Slow? The Challenges of Gendering Comparative Politics Aili Mari Tripp, University of Wisconsin at Madison
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bratton and van de Walle 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Clark and Gardinier 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Joseph 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The focus of comparative politics gender research is still too focused on Europe and North America, and therefore by definition incomplete.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Why So Slow? The Challenges of Gendering Comparative Politics Aili Mari Tripp, University of Wisconsin at Madison
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Academic norms and expectations, especially for graduate students and junior faculty, are not compatible with active parenting, let alone doing international research at the same time.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Too Few for Impact
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“between 1991 and 2000, the American Political Science Review published 225 articles using statistical methods and 88 articles employing mathematical modeling, while only five articles in this same period used empirical qualitative methods.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Take, for example, the literature on state feminism, which has evolved primarily in the context of North American and European democracies.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it is no surprise that the majority of studies explaining women's legislative representation have concentrated on Western Europe and North America, where explanations focusing on electoral systems, district and party magnitude, and the ideological orientation of political parties have been well established.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that many comparativist gender and politics scholars often use ethnographic methodologies, in-depth interviews, snowball surveys, and/or focus groups, and focus on individual countries”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Databases are incomplete at best and, for many categories, the data simply do not exist.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
plainn = 110- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They often adopt interdisciplinary approaches, which take a lot of time to develop and involve a lot of self-training.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, despite today's easy Internet access and e-mail communication, the links between scholars in the global North and South seem to be fairly weak.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research networks and linkages around gender issues are stronger across the Atlantic and within Europe, but much weaker across other continents.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the Latin American context, the debates were different but the framework remained a democratic one.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What we know already is that the process of gender is complex, playing out differently in similar institutions in different polities and different institutions within the same polity.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender and Institutional Dynamism
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any complete analysis of gender relations, then, must consider the many different ways that gender norms and practices shape and are shaped by the actions of all people, including women and men of all races and classes.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender Structures and Women and Politics
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, political institutions also produce outcomes-polices, legislation, rulings-that are shaped by gender norms: outcomes which, in turn, help to re/produce broader social and political gender expectations.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender and Institutional Norms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to illuminate the various ways that women and men are advantaged and disadvantaged as women and men, gender analysis must incorporate analysis of race, class, sexuality, and other axes of disadvantage, and explore interactions among them.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > -Catharine MacKinnon (1982)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a note of caution should be sounded here as there is no guarantee that shifts within institutions are ever permanent.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender and Institutional Dynamism
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These axes are defined differently in different national contexts, and so examining variation across national borders illuminates the variety of social arrangements that are consistent with human biology: This type of analysis thereby denaturalizes and politicizes gender, racial/ethnic, and class relations (among others).”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > -Catharine MacKinnon (1982)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pervasive character of gender norms and roles is what makes gender such a valuable category of political analysis.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender Structures and Women and Politics
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are other ways of thinking about how systems of gender, race, and class interact that are consistent with the core of the concept of intersectionality.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > The Structure of Intersectionality: Two Approaches
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is not often recognized that structural analysis is required by the idea of intersectionality: It is the intersection of social structures, not identities, to which the concept refers.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender as a Category of Analysis: The Analysis of Gender Structures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If gender as a social structure has no independent effects, then it is hard to see what justifies an analytic focus on gender as a category, as opposed to, say, gender-race, or gender-race-class.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender as a Category of Analysis: The Analysis of Gender Structures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, we could theoretically specify intersectional relationships among gender, race, and class structures in a number of different ways.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > The Structure of Intersectionality: Two Approaches
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We cannot conceptualize “interstices” unless we have a concept of the structures that intersect to create these points of interaction.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender as a Category of Analysis: The Analysis of Gender Structures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If gender as a principle of social organization cannot be fully understood without an examination of the interaction between social structures, and if women are structurally disadvantaged as women in classand race-specific ways, then a structural approach to gender analysis requires some account of this structural interaction.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender as a Category of Analysis: The Analysis of Gender Structures
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But a variety of possible relations between axes of domination are consistent with these ideas.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > The Structure of Intersectionality: Two Approaches
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Precluding the possibility of autonomous effects assumes that systems of race, class, and gender always work together seamlessly as a single system, and never have any significant independent effects.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > The Structure of Intersectionality: Two Approaches
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is not often recognized that structural analysis is required by the idea of intersectionality: It is the intersection of social structures, not identities, to which the concept refers.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender as a Category of Analysis: The Analysis of Gender Structures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, I agree that such macrolevel analysis need not imply shared identities across gender, race, or class groups.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Gender as a Category of Analysis: The Analysis of Gender Structures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Making such claims requires the existence of identifiably separate dynamics for each of these axes.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > The Structure of Intersectionality: Two Approaches
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, one would not expect every aspect of a single social structure, much less the complex interactions among social structures, to be fully visible in any individual's experience.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Some Final Objections
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sometimes quantitative researchers seem to assume that intersectional effects are the same as multiplicative effects (the convention of calling such effects interaction effects probably contributes to this confusion).”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > The Structure of Intersectionality: Two Approaches
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, a combination of analytic strategies will be required in order to paint a full picture of the politics of gender.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Conclusion: A Comparative Politics of Gender
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indeterminacy points to the need for further theorization and specification of these relationships in reference to particular contexts and questions, not the rejection of work on intersectionality or on the interrelationship of gender, race, and class.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Some Final Objections
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, affirming the importance of intersectional dimensions of gender, race, and class need not imply that these axes of inequality have no independent effects.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Conclusion: A Comparative Politics of Gender
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, I am trying to point out that as it is currently conceptualized, the concept of intersectionality is indeterminate as to the interrelationship of social structures.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Some Final Objections
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So the idea of intersectionality suggests that there is a third type of effect, one that is not a function of x 1 and x 2 , say, x 3 .”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > The Structure of Intersectionality: Two Approaches
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The investigation of the interaction of gender, race, and class could include additive, multiplicative, and intersectional effects.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Conclusion: A Comparative Politics of Gender
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this essay, I have argued that far from precluding attention to difference, an intersectional approach requires a structural approach to gender analysis.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Conclusion: A Comparative Politics of Gender
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, most of the writing about intersectionality derives from the work of women of color in the United States.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > The Structure of Intersectionality: Two Approaches
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We can best explore multiplicative effects by examining how the independent effects revealed in an autonomous analysis of each structure combine to mitigate or exacerbate one another's effects.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Conclusion: A Comparative Politics of Gender
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The probable variation in the ways that gender, race, and class are defined and the way they interact makes comparative analysis especially valuable for understanding gender politics.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Conclusion: A Comparative Politics of Gender
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Peregrine Schwartz-Shea (2005) found that in the top 57 doctoral programs, 66% had quantitative methods requirements, while only 16% had foreign language requirements.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Schwartz-Shea (2005)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also possible that the relationship among these different structures varies over space and time.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > The Structure of Intersectionality: Two Approaches
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, the interaction of these different structures likely varies across groups and nations and over time.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Conclusion: A Comparative Politics of Gender
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, women did worse while men did better having children in the years after receiving their Ph.D.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Too Few for Impact
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We can best explore additive effects by examining each axis of inequality (gender, race, class, sexuality, etc.) separately.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Conclusion: A Comparative Politics of Gender
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Methodological trends in research may also be serving to stifle research in this area, even as the needs remain great for more quantitative studies related to gender.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Greater methodological pluralism in political science is desirable.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We can best detect intersectional effects by comparing how social structures interact to create particular injustices and problems for particular intersectionally disadvantaged or privileged groups of women, for example, immigrant or refugee women, women working in sweatshops, or female celebrities.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Conclusion: A Comparative Politics of Gender
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I want to emphasize that although some theorists do recommend an intersectionality-only approach, my argument is not that such an approach is required or follows from the concept of intersectionality itself.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Some Final Objections
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It points to the need for further theoretical and empirical investigation of the structure of intersectionality, of the interaction of structures of gender, race, class, and other axes of inequality.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Some Final Objections
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But comparative analysis is key to illuminating the range of variation in structures of gender, race, class, and other axes of domination, the ways in which these structures interact, and the wide array of strategies for resistance and reform.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Conclusion: A Comparative Politics of Gender
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some times or places, systems of race and class may undermine each other, while in other places they reinforce each other.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > The Structure of Intersectionality: Two Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The existence of new and older diasporas in the United States facilitates some of these linkages”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Stetson found in comparative studies of abortion policy in Europe and North America that women's movements had the most policy impact when left-wing parties were in power and when the movements were closely aligned to the leftist parties.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stetson 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It may be easier for those with joint appointments to adopt a broader range of methods, but not so easy for those working on gender and politics solely within their departments.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without that work on the ground, the cross-national comparative theories can potentially remain stale, uninformed, and thin.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other cases, the policies have been used to obtain women's votes, to create new patronage networks, or to curry support on a world stage.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, our work and that of our colleagues abroad, both empirically and theoretically, is incomplete and much thinner than it need be.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of connectedness and mutual exchange impedes comparative analysis above all.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“It was also necessary that women's movements were unified around their demands and placed those demands high on their agenda.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stetson 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concepts that have evolved in one context do not always travel well or would need their meanings expanded to be of comparative use.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sometimes these policies have served symbolic purposes to signal the political sympathies of the establishment or ruling party in the context of an Islamicist challenge.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Much of the debate dealt with the role of state feminism and femocrats, a debate that ironically was a product of some of the successes of the women's movement in institutionalizing their objectives (Baldez 2002, Rios Tobar 2003, Waylen 1996).”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They have also served the purposes of state legitimation.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The in-depth case studies explain the mechanisms of processes uncovered in cross-national studies; they can help develop theories that can be tested more generally and assist in making sense of quantitative findings.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies of state feminism within democracies have assumed that society was interested in engaging the state because the state had the will and the capacity to respond to societal pressures.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Dorothy McBride Stetson and Amy Mazur (1995) found in their comparative study of North America, Europe, and Australia that women's policy machineries had considerable impact when the state was defined as a site of social justice and had the institutional capacity to respond to new demands for equality.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Challenges Posed by Methodologically Driven Research Trends
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stetson and Mazur 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Social structures of gender, race, and class exist and have effects that can be analyzed separately.
“Analyzing gender relations, or social structures more generally, means focusing on social relations between and among groups of women and groups of men, and on the way the broader social context constrains and enables individual agents (Htun 2005;Hurtado 1989;Young 2005Young , 2000)).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Comparative analysis across national contexts is possible and valuable for understanding gender politics.
“This makes the intersectionality-plus approach particularly useful for comparative political analysis, and it makes comparative political analysis critical for understanding gender (and race, and class) politics.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Publishing in top political science journals is necessary for comparative gender scholarship to achieve the impact and credibility the field desires.
“it is also true that we will not have the impact we desire until we tackle some of these key journals.”
“But there are many challenges in bringing greater credibility to the subfield.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Gender is central to understanding core political science topics such as social movements, civil society, democratization, and ethnic identity.
“why good comparativists need to understand women's movements to understand social movements; why they need to understand women's mobilization to understand civil society; why women's rights are human rights; why one cannot understand democratization without understanding gender exclusions; and how gender is central to the construction of ethnic identity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Greater methodological pluralism in political science is desirable.
“We need to encourage the new trends toward greater methodological pluralism within the discipline.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Of the 3,510 articles listed in JSTOR, the Scholarly Journal Archive, for these same top political science journals over the past decade, 2.5% (90) had "gender" or "women" in the title, while 21 articles were gender related with a comparative focus (0.5%).”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Additional information
Reported 0.5 · recomputed 0.598291
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > The Structure of Intersectionality: Two Approaches
“leaving only the intersectional effects (x 4 ): The only effects are intersectional effects.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > The Structure of Intersectionality: Two Approaches
“and x 3 represents the intersectional effects of a particular gender-race-class configuration:”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Additional information
“These editorial boards do not even include women, let alone scholars who work on gender.”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Additional information
“In terms of gender balance, World Politics has 1 woman out of 17 members; Comparative Politics, 1 of 7; Comparative Political Studies, 4 women of 34; the Journal of Peace Research, 1 of 30; the Journal of Human Rights, 3 of 29; and the Journal of Democracy, 5 of 40.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Of the 3,510 articles listed in JSTOR, the Scholarly Journal Archive, for these same top political science journals over the past decade, 2.5% (90) had "gender" or "women" in the title”
§ CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND POLITICS Moving to a Comparative Politics of Gender? > Additional information
Reported 2.5 · recomputed 2.564103
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“…interact to create particular injustices and problems for intersectionally disadvantaged peoples in different contexts is an important question (Weldon, 2006: 246), yet there is little basis for understanding what that term means outside of European and US contexts (Townsend-Bell, 2011: 189).”
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“Racially diverse elections led to increased turnout among black women and white men in the south, suggesting that race and gender, along with the politics of race and gender, shape both women and men in consequential ways (Weldon 2006).”
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“And the implications of this approach – that is, in terms of methodology and research design – have not been resolved to date (McCall 2005; Weldon 2006; Hancock 2007; Dhamoon 2011).”
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“Changes in the letter of the law do not automatically translate into improvements in the daily lives of women, but they reflect and promote the presence of these topics in the public agenda (Barnum 1985; Burstein 2003; Weldon 2006).”
BackgroundDifference and Social Structure: Iris Young's Legacy of a Critical Social Theory of Gender
Weldon, S. L. (2008) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x08000214 · Cited by 9
“A second outstanding question is how to theorize the interaction of different social structures at the macro level (Weldon 2006; Wright 1997).”
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Nooruddin, I. (2007) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x07000293 · Cited by 7
Hidden in Plain Sight: Social Inequalities in the Context of Environmental Change
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“The intersectionality of various social divisions, such as class, gender, ethnicity and race, enhances the already existing forms of discrimination and oppression, resulting in not only poorer representation of minority women (Hughes, 2013; Weldon, 2006), but also more oppression.”
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Examining Identity Intersectionality: Thai Marriage Migrants in the Netherlands
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“Thus, the categories forming an intersection can have meanings on their own (McCall, 2005; Weldon, 2006).”
BackgroundA Path out of Patriarchy? Political Agency and Social Identity of Women Fighters
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“Violent mobilization re fl ects distinctive experiences of women shaped by their membership in multiple social groupings embedded in speci fi c historical contexts (Weldon 2006, 236; Hancock 2007).”
Galeotti, A. E., & Sala, R. (2022) · Res Publica · doi:10.1007/s11158-022-09575-y · Cited by 6
“…structures of power and domination, caused by different categories acting not only in cumulative, but also in multiplicative ways (McCall 2005; Weldon 2006), the two risks just mentioned are bypassed, but what such a method can achieve is a more sophisticated analysis of social oppression,…”
BackgroundThe Global Politics of Sexual and Reproductive Health
Tanyag, M., Daigle, M., Jacot, J. R., Lazarito, A. G., Blanco, M. L., Loseñada, J., & Youde, J. (2024) · International Feminist Journal of Politics · doi:10.1080/14616742.2026.2670552 · Cited by 5
The Racial Contract: a feminist analysis
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Sex, Gender, and Civil Society
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Lack Support Systems and Women’s Political Participation in South Africa
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Microaggressions as a Framework for Understanding Women’s STEM Career Experiences in Lebanon
Makarem, Y., & Metcalfe, B. D. (2023) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-023-01396-4 · Cited by 5
“The importance of visibility is an important characteristic that can be assessed (Weldon, 2006).”
BackgroundIntersectional Politics of the International Women’s Strike
Tormos‐Aponte, F., Ferrer-Núñez, S., & Hernandez, C. (2023) · Journal of Women Politics & Policy · doi:10.1080/1554477x.2023.2249614 · Cited by 4
“…marginalized groups, promotes their leadership, respects their autonomous spaces, and seeks consensus while avoiding the practice of suppressing difference and dissent (Dhamoon 2011; Einwohner et al. 2021; Strolovitch 2007; Tormos 2017; Tormos-Aponte 2019; Weldon 2006a; Smooth and Tucker 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialRodrigo, M. L. J. (2015) · Investigaciones Feministas · doi:10.5209/rev_infe.2014.v5.48136 · Cited by 4
“…el análisis de género nos puede ayudar a revelar situaciones que invisibilizan y/o deforman las situaciones de las mujeres –y de los hombres–, también puede eclipsar experiencias y posiciones sociales múltiples ubicadas en la intersección del género con otros ejes de desigualdad (Weldon, 2006).”
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“The intersectional approach recognizes such multiple categories of sociopolitical differences as mutually constitutive, thus focus on the interaction between different axes of sociopolitical marginalization (e.g., race and gender) (Hancock 2007; Weldon 2006).”
BackgroundAvdeyeva, O. A., & Matland, R. E. (2020) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x2000001x · Cited by 4
“Finally, we employ intersectional analysis of voter bias to reveal whether voters negatively perceive politicians with a specific combination of sex and ethnicity, such as minority women, who can be particularly disadvantaged in a voter’s evaluation (Weldon 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInequalities and privileges : middle-class mothers and employment
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Bridging Attribute and Process: Reflections on Founding Politics & Gender
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“By intersectionality we refer to the simultaneous and interacting effects of gender, race, class, sexual orientation and national origin as categories of difference (see Crenshaw, 1991; Laurel Weldon, 2006; Hancock, 2007; Jordan-Zachery, 2007).”
BackgroundRaising One Eyebrow and Re‐envisioning Justice, Gender, and the Family
Ackerly, B. A. (2016) · Hypatia · doi:10.1111/hypa.12254 · Cited by 4
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“…concerning gender mainstreaming have resulted in the need to apply intersectional analysis across gender, race and class and other axis of difference, and the creation of a ‘needs-specific’ approach, so that policies are transformational and not just gender-sensitive (Hancock 2007; Weldon 2006).”
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“Researchers have also sought to apply intersectionality in the comparative context (Weldon 2006) and have created better datasets for intersectional analysis (Barreto et al., 2018).”
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“This approach holds that different social categories might induce different types and degrees of stigmatization (Ward, 2004) and thus have independent effects (Hancock, 2007; Weldon, 2006).”
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“The recognition of interlocking dimensions does not necessarily mean that all dimensions will hold equal or consistent meaning and importance (Bedolla 2007; Hancock 2007; Townsend-Bell 2011; Weldon 2006; Yuval-Davis 2006).”
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“…the traditional categorisations of gender, race, class and other markers as separate and independent; instead, the intersections of identity markers create complex experiences that are exclusive to those who share the same combination of identities (Atewologun, 2018; Crenshaw, 1991; Weldon, 2006).”
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“Demnach interagieren verschiedene Aspekte der Identität, also z.B. Geschlecht und Religion, in multiplen Formen der Diskriminierung und Privilegierung miteinander (z.B. Mügge/Erzeel 2016; Weldon 2006).”
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“This idealized version of victimhood implicitly excludes Black women, whose historical hypersexu-alization and portrayal as “strong” or “resilient” have led to reduced empathy and recognition of their victimization (West & Johnson, 2013; Weldon, 2006).”
Preventing and Handling Violence in Danish Political Parties
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Intersectionality Theory and Its Application in the COVID-19 Pandemics
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The Intellectual Benefits of Diversity
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Intersectional Quantitative Methods
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The Global Crisis of Religious Fundamentalisms
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Intersectionality and Organizational Allyship
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“Weldon (2006) extends this discussion by conceptualising intersectionality specifically as structural interactions between multiple axes of inequality, shifting the focus from individual identities to systemic patterns.”
Southern Fried Family Planning: Reproductive Politics in the South
Rinehart, C. S., & Woliver, L. R. (2013) · American Review of Politics · doi:10.15763/issn.2374-779x.2014.34.0.317-335 · Cited by 1
Data Collection and Documentation Challenges
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100 Jahre Frauenwahlrecht – Und wo bleibt die Gleichheit?
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Intersectionality, Inequality and Maternal Health
Johnson, C. (2014)
Allsop, C. (2015) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)
Who qualifies for citizenship: The political and legal mobilization of Muslims in France
Fredette, J. (2009) · Archive of European Integration (AEI) (University of Pittsburgh)
A Change Narrative of Black Agenda Setting
Platt, M. B. (2008)
Teaching Gender and Politics: Feminist Methods in Political Science
Collier, D. A., & Creswell, J. W. (2009)
(2022) · University of Michigan Press eBooks · doi:10.1353/book.130
Terry, S. (2016) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
The Human Right to Non-Religious Beliefs: A ProspectusPreprint
Iskandar, P. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2842925
9 Costs and Benefits of Including or
Sarracino, F., & Dubrow, K. (2015)
Hawkins, B. P. (2016) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Gender, Politics and Social Policy: An Institutionalist Perspective
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Magalhaes, D. R. D. L. D. S. C. (2016)
Gkiouleka, A. (2019) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Krook, M. L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088460.003.0001
Krook, M. L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088460.003.0017
Metadata
- Authors
- Weldon, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weldon, S. Laurel
- ORCID
- Weldon, S. Laurel
- Venue
- Politics & Gender
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2006-06
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 02
- ISSN
- 1743-923X (ISSN-L)
- 1743-9248
- OpenAlex
- W2152330294
- Cited by
- 274
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 17.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Politics & Gender (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Feminist Theory and Gender Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Politics and Representation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- intersectionality, gender relations, race, class, sexuality, women in politics, comparative politics, social norms, institutions, resistance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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