Reducing agent can be omitted in the incubation medium of the batch in vitro fermentation model of the pig intestines
Open accessAbstract
Over the past decade, in vitro methods have been developed to study intestinal fermentation in pigs and its influence on the digestive physiology and health. In these methods, ingredients are fermented by a bacterial inoculum diluted in a mineral buffer solution. Generally, a reducing agent such as Na2S or cysteine-HCl generates the required anaerobic environment by releasing metabolites similar to those produced when protein is fermented, possibly inducing a dysbiosis. An experiment was conducted to study the impact of two reducing agents on results yielded by such in vitro fermentation models. Protein (soybean proteins, casein) and carbohydrate (potato starch, cellulose) ingredients were fermented in vitro by bacteria isolated from fresh feces obtained from three sows in three carbonate-based incubation media differing in reducing agent: (i) Na2S, (ii) cysteine-HCl and (iii) control with a mere saturation with CO2 and devoid of reducing agent. The gas production during fermentation was recorded over 72 h. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production after 24 and 72 h and microbial composition of the fermentation broth after 24 h were compared between ingredients and between reducing agents. The fermentation residues after 24 h were also evaluated in terms of cytotoxicity using Caco-2 cell monolayers. Results showed that the effect of the ingredient induced higher differences than the reducing agent. Among the latter, cysteine-HCl induced the strongest differences compared with the control, whereas Na2S was similar to the control for most parameters. For all ingredients, final gas produced per g of substrate was similar (P>0.10) for the three reducing agents whereas the maximum rate of gas production (R max) was reduced (P0.10) after 24 h of fermentation with Na2S and in the control without reducing agent. Molar ratios of branched chain-fatty acids were higher (P<0.05) for protein (36.5% and 9.7% for casein and soybean proteins, respectively) than for carbohydrate (<4%) ingredients. Only fermentation residues of casein showed a possible cytotoxic effect regardless of the reducing agent (P<0.05). Concerning the microbial composition of the fermentation broth, most significant differences in phyla and in genera ascribable to the reducing agent were found with potato starch and casein. In conclusion, saturating the incubation media with CO2 seems sufficient to generate a suitable anaerobic environment for intestinal microbes and the use of a reducing agent can be omitted.
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Reducing agents were not required to culture all rumen bacteria and their removal resulted in higher microbial diversity.
“A recent study by Poelaert et al. (2018) showed that reducing agents were not required to culture all rumen bacteria and that when removed they resulted in higher microbial diversity.”
From Addressing global ruminant agricultural challenges through understanding the rumen microbiome: past, present, and future (2018) · cites this paper as Poelaert et al., 2018
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- Authors
- Poelaert, C., Nollevaux, G., Boudry, C., Taminiau, B., Nezer, C., Daube, G., Schneider, Y.-J., Portetelle, D., Théwis, A., & Bindelle, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Liège (BE)
- UCLouvain (BE)
- Matériaux et santé (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Bindelle, J.
- Venue
- animal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1154-1164
- ISSN
- 1751-7311 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2765284694
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- animal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Libraries (Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Université de Namur (UNamur) and the Université Saint-Louis (USL-B)) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS (1.5180.12)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Keywords
- reducing agents, anaerobic conditions, sodium sulfide, cysteine hydrochloride, short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, casein, soy protein, potato starch, cellulose, gas production, microbial community composition, fermentation residues, Caco-2 cytotoxicity, sows, fermentation medium optimization, dysbiosis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Feces, Female, Fermentation, Humans, Intestines, Swine, Caco-2 Cells, Reducing Agents
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