Cyclic Alkyl(amino) Carbene Stabilized Complexes with Low Coordinate Metals of Enduring Nature

Abstract

N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are known to stabilize some metal atoms in different oxidation states mostly by their strong σ-donation. After the successful syntheses of cyclic alkyl(amino) carbenes (cAACs), they have been proven to be much more effective in stabilizing electron rich species. In cAAC, one of the σ-withdrawing and π-donating nitrogen atoms of NHC is replaced by a σ-donating quaternary carbon atom leading to a lower lying LUMO. This makes the acceptance of π-back-donation from the element bound to the carbene carbon atom of cAAC energetically more advantageous. Further evidence suggests that the carbene carbon of cAAC can use the lone pair of electrons present on the adjacent nitrogen in a more controlled way depending on the accumulation of electron density on the bound metal. It has been found that cAAC can be utilized as excellent ligand for the stabilization of a complex with three coordinate metal center [(cAAC)2M(I)-Cl; M = Fe, Co, Cr]. Complex (cAAC)2M(II)Cl2 [M = Fe, Co, Cr] was prepared by reacting anhydrous M(II)Cl2 with two equiv of cAAC followed by treatment with one equiv of KC8 (reducing agent) to obtain (cAAC)2M(I)-Cl. The corresponding cation (cAAC)2M(+) was isolated when (cAAC)2M(I)-Cl was reacted with sodium-tetraarylborate (lithium) in toluene or fluorobenzene. The CV of cation (cAAC)2M(+) [M = Co, Fe] suggests that it can reversibly undergo one electron reduction. The cations of Co and Fe were reduced with Na(Hg) or KC8, respectively. (cAAC)2Co(I)Cl can be directly reduced to (cAAC)2Co(0) when reacted with one equiv of KC8. Analogous (cAAC·)2Zn(II) and (cAAC)2Mn complexes are prepared by reduction of (cAAC)MCl2 [M = Zn, Mn] with two equiv of KC8 in the presence of one equiv of cAAC. The square planar (cAAC)2NiCl2 complex was directly reduced by two equiv of LiN(iPr2) (KC8) to (cAAC)2Ni(0). The (cAAC)2Pd(0) and (cAAC)2Pt(0) complexes are prepared by substituting all four triphenylphosphines of (Ph3P)4M(0) [M = Pd, Pt] by two cAACs. Cation (cAAC)2M(+) [M = Cu, Au] was reduced with sodium/potassium to obtain the neutral analogue [(cAAC)2Cu, (cAAC)2Au]. Two coordinate Zn/Mn/Cu/Au are stabilized by two neutral carbene ligands possessing radical electrons on the carbene carbon atoms, while analogous complexes of Co/Fe/Ni/Pd/Pt contain metals in the zero oxidation state. The ground electronic structure of (cAAC)2M was thoroughly studied by theoretical calculations. In this Account, we summarize our developments in stabilizing metal complexes with low coordinate metal atoms in two, one, and most significantly in their zero oxidation states by utilizing cAACs as ligands.