Benzophenone Accumulates over Time from the Degradation of Octocrylene in Commercial Sunscreen Products
Open accessAbstract
Benzophenone is a mutagen, carcinogen, and endocrine disruptor. Its presence in food products or food packaging is banned in the United States. Under California Proposition 65, there is no safe harbor for benzophenone in any personal care products, including sunscreens, anti-aging creams, and moisturizers. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) if benzophenone was present in a wide variety of commercial sun protection factor (SPF)/sunscreen products, (2) whether benzophenone concentration in the product increased over time, and (3) if the degradation of octocrylene was the likely source for benzophenone contamination. Benzophenone concentration was assayed in nine commercial sunscreen products from the European Union and eight from the United States (in triplicate), including two single ingredient sources of octocrylene. These same SPF items were subjected to the United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA)-accelerated stability aging protocol for 6 weeks. Benzophenone was measured in the accelerated-aged products. Sixteen octocrylene-containing product lines that were recently purchased had an average concentration of 39 mg/kg benzophenone, ranging from 6 mg/kg to 186 mg/kg. Benzophenone was not detectable in the product that did not contain octocrylene. After subjecting the 17 products to the U.S. FDA-accelerated stability method, the 16 octocrylene-containing products had an average concentration of 75 mg/kg, ranging from 9.8 mg/kg to 435 mg/kg. Benzopheno…
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Octocrylene converts into a benzophenone derivative through retro-aldol condensation, increasing its phototoxic potential.
“It is noteworthy to mention that, recently, it was reported the conversion of octocrylene (30) into a benzophenone derivative through a retro-aldol condensation reaction, which increases the phototoxic potential of this UV filter [32].”
From UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
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Sakpal, H., Kanwischer, M., Schulz-Bull, D., Philippe, A., & Fisch, K. (2026) · Emerging Contaminants · doi:10.1016/j.emcon.2026.100756
Chowdhury, A., & Mizikovsky, J. (2026) · Toxicology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102326
“Degradation products accumulate in commercial formulations over time [11].”
Saorin, A., Watson, S., Hawkes, C. P., Bourke, J., & O'Boyle, N. M. (2026) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2026.346179
Exploring the Dermocosmetic Value of Synthetic Aminopyrimidine-Thioethers
Costa, I. C. C., Silva, J., Abreu, I., Gaspar, J. A., Pintéus, S., Alves, C., Cristiano, M. L., & Pedrosa, R. (2026) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox15070841
“Octocrylene, another UV filter, can undergo retro-aldol condensation to form a phototoxic benzophenone derivative known for its carcinogenic properties, also acting as an endocrine disruptor [10,12].”
Carvalhais, A., Lippa, R., Oliveira, I. B., Pacheco, M., & Mieiro, C. (2026) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2026.105047
Lameira, C. M. R., Broetto, A. D. B., Oliveira, A. K. G., Drun, B. H., Antes, D. C., Tamankievies, D. F., Santo, D. E., Krüger, K. A. R., Soave, L. J., Bressiani, P. A., et al. (2026) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A · doi:10.1080/15287394.2026.2662562
“The most correlated research, conducted by Downs et al. (2021), demonstrated interesting findings regarding the possibility of OCT releasing BZP from its degradation, which might help explain the maintenance of toxicity in the treated samples and the presence of cytotoxicity in the OCT-MeP…”
Norman, K. G., Kaufman, L. E., Griem, P., D’Ruiz, C., Loretz, L., Kowcz, A., Cohen, S., Scialli, A. R., Boobis, A. R., Jacobson-Kram, D., et al. (2026) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408444.2026.2640896
“The calculated exposure has been evaluated most recently by the Australian authorities (Therapeutic Goods Administration, Department of Health, Disability and Ageing 2025), which satisfactorily addressed the findings of Downs et al. (2021).”
DiNardo, J. (2026) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408444.2026.2640891
Self-citationAllergènes et substances irritantes à éviter en cosmétique
Couteau, C. (2024) · Actualités Pharmaceutiques · doi:10.1016/j.actpha.2024.09.028
Yao, K., Meng, W.-L., Huang, Q.-R., Wang, W.-K., Che, X.-H., Fang, H., & Duan, R. (2023) · IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environment · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1171/1/012052
Kann alte Sonnencreme Krebs auslösen?
Reinhold, U. (2021) · Der Deutsche Dermatologe · doi:10.1007/s15011-021-4661-8
Exequiel, G., & Eugenia, S. C. M. (2026) · Open Access Journal of Science · doi:10.15406/oajs.2026.09.00286
- Authors
- Downs, C. A., DiNardo, J. C., Stien, D., Rodrigues, A. M. S., & Lebaron, P.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Independent Researcher, Vesuvius, Virginia 24484, United States
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France
- Corresponding author
- Downs, C. A.
- Venue
- Chemical Research in Toxicology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2021-03-07
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1046-1054
- ISSN
- 0893-228X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5010
- OpenAlex
- W3134687197
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 11
- FWCI
- 16.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Licence
- Locations
- Chemical Research in Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Keywords
- benzophenone, octocrylene, sunscreen, sunscreen filters, chemical degradation, retro-aldol condensation, accelerated stability testing, endocrine disruptors, carcinogens, California Proposition 65, percutaneous absorption
- MeSH terms
- Acrylates, Benzophenones, Food Contamination, Humans, Sunscreening Agents, Time Factors, United States, Molecular Structure
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