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SO 3 H-Containing Functional Carbon Materials: Synthesis, Structure, and Acid Catalysis
Open accessAbstract
The “sulfonated carbons” are a new class of metal-free solid protonic acids characterized by their unique carbon structure and Brønsted acidity (− H 0 = 8–11) on par to concentrated H 2 SO 4 . These carbon materials covalently functionalized with SO 3 H groups via C–PhSO 3 H or C–SO 3 H linkages can act as versatile water-tolerant solid acids. Due to their low production costs, unique surface chemistry, high chemical and thermal stability, as well as tailorable pore structures they are regarded as potential substitutes to liquid H 2 SO 4 . Catalysis, in particular, biomass and large molecule catalysis, is one of the important areas in which acidic carbons have demonstrated exceptional activity and selectivity, outperforming traditional solid acid catalysts (cation-exchange resins, sulfated oxides, and acidic zeolites). In this review we address developments in the different types SO 3 H- and PhSO 3 H-functionalized acidic carbon materials, their structure, active sites, and surface properties, applications in catalysis, as well as activation and deactivation characteristics covering important literature since 2004. In particular, we aim to provide a systematic discussion on the specific merits and demerits of such materials obtained from different carbon precursors and functionalization methods which directly influence the structure–stability–acidic properties and catalytic performance.
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“Sulfonation introduces a large number of surface groups of carbon materials, such as -OH, -COOH and lactone, as well as -SO 3 H groups, thus improving the hydrophobic properties (Konwar et al. 2019).”
From Conversion of waste plastics into value-added carbon materials (2023) · cites this paper as Konwar et al. 2019
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Kapkowski, M., Zelenka, T., Zelenková, G., Slovák, V., Prusik, K., Dercz, G., Ludynia, M., Kocot, K., Balin, K., Zhdan, U., et al. (2026) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2026.125522
Green Biomaterials: Toward a Multidimensional Classification
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Metadata
- Authors
- Konwar, L. J., Mäki-Arvela, P., & Mikkola, J.-P.
- Affiliations
- Umeå University (SE)
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Åbo-Turku FI-20500, Finland
- Åbo Akademi University (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Konwar, Lakhya Jyoti
- Venue
- Chemical Reviews
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2019-10-07
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 11576-11630
- ISSN
- 0009-2665 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6890
- OpenAlex
- W2979558256
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 241
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 28
- FWCI
- 2.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.abo.fi
- Licence
- Locations
- Chemical Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Åbo Akademi University Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Kempestiftelserna
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- bio4energy
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Organic and Inorganic Chemical Reactions
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Chemical Synthesis and Reactions
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Mesoporous Materials and Catalysis
- Keywords
- sulfonated carbon, solid acid catalysts, Brønsted acidity, catalyst deactivation, catalyst activation, carbon precursors, surface properties, structure-activity relationship
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