Conversion of waste plastics into value-added carbon materials

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Except polyurethane, most plastics have high carbon content and are potential precursors for fabricating carbon materials.

“Except Polyurethane, most plastics have high carbon content and are potential precursor for fabricating carbon materials.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Carbon materials derived from waste plastics exhibit different carbon yields due to differences in plastics, reaction equipment, and conditions.

“Carbon materials derived from waste plastics exhibit different carbon yield due to the difference of plastics, reaction equipment and conditions.”

May combine two claims.

The carbon yield of graphene from flash Joule heating is higher than that from chemical vapor deposition, reaching 20-30 wt%.

“Although flash Joule heating cannot control the graphene layer, it can quickly and effectively convert mixed waste plastics into graphene within a few seconds, and the carbon yield of graphene is higher than that of chemical vapor deposition, reaching 20-30 wt% (Algozeeb et al. 2022).”

• cites Algozeeb et al. 2022 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Waste plastics need to be pretreated before carbonization.

“Commonly, waste plastics need to be pretreated before carbonization.”

May combine two claims.

The carbon content of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene is higher than 80%, making them suitable for producing carbon materials.

“The carbon content of these plastics higher than 80% makes them suitable for producing carbon materials.”

May combine two claims.

During incineration or landfill of polyvinyl chloride, extremely harmful by-products of Cl2, HCl, and organochlorinated compounds are emitted, leading to serious environmental pollution.

“During the process of incineration or landfill, extremely harmful by-products of Cl 2 , HCl, and organochlorinated compounds are emitted, which will lead to serious environmental pollution (Chang et al. 2018).”

• cites Chang et al. 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Waste plastics are difficult to handle due to their complex composition and large quantity, and recycling them by green methods gains global attention.

“Waste plastics are difficult to handle due to its complex composition and large quantity, and the recycling of waste plastics in green methods gains global attention (Nanda and Berruti 2021b;Nandhini et al. 2022).”

• cites Nanda and Berruti 2021bNot checked yet

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• cites Nandhini et al. 2022 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

When polyacrylonitrile was carbonized in air, oxygen atoms helped improve its stability, reduced the exothermic rate, and improved the final carbon yield.

“When polyacrylonitrile was carbonized in air, the oxygen atoms helped to improve its stability, reduced the exothermic rate, and improved the final carbon yield (Duan et al. 2019).”

• cites Duan et al. 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Heteroatom doping can increase the active sites on the surface of carbon materials and improve the adsorption performance for pollutants.

“In addition, heteroatom doping can increase the active sites on the surface of carbon materials and improve the adsorption performance for pollutants (Xiang et al. 2017;Yuan et al. 2020a).”

• cites Xiang et al. 2017 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Yuan et al. 2020aNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Mechanical crushing is the most used pretreatment for sufficient carbonization or uniformly mixing materials with waste plastics.

“Mechanical crushing is the most used pretreatment for sufficient carbonization or uniformly mixing materials with waste plastics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Pretreatment of waste plastics is conducted to obtain carbon products with special morphology and properties, such as electrospinning for carbon microfiber and metal-organic framework for porous carbon loaded with metals.

“Moreover, pretreatment of waste plastics is conducted to obtain carbon products with special morphology and properties, such as electrospinning for carbon microfiber and metal-organic framework for porous carbon loaded with metals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Pretreatment of oxygen-free plastics is essential to increase the yield of carbon products.

“Pretreatment of oxygen-free plastics is essential to increase the yield of carbon products.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted much attention due to their high surface area and excellent porosity.

“Recently, metal-organic frameworks have attracted much attention due to the high surface area and excellent porosity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

For oxygen-containing plastics, oxygen-limited carbonization is a commonly used carbonization method.

“For oxygen-containing plastics, oxygen-limited carbonization is a commonly used carbonization method.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the process of preparing carbon materials, chemical modification (acid oxidation or heteroatom-doping) of carbon materials can increase their surface-active sites and improve their ability to adsorb pollutants.

“In the process of preparing carbon materials, chemical modification (acid oxidation or heteroatom-doping) of carbon materials can increase their surface-active sites and improve their ability to adsorb pollutants.”

May combine two claims.

Using inexpensive iron-based catalysts as microwave sensors, a rapid catalytic decomposition process of plastic was initiated for 30-90 s, converting mechanically crushed commercial plastics into 55.6 mmol/g high yield hydrogen and multi walled carbon nanotubes.

“Using inexpensive iron-based catalysts as microwave sensors, a rapid catalytic decomposition process of plastic was initiated for 30-90 s, converting mechanically crushed commercial plastics into 55.6 mmol/g high yield hydrogen and multi walled carbon nanotubes (Jie et al. 2020).”

• cites Jie et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Electrospinning can be used to fabricate carbon fibers using waste plastics, and dissolution of plastics using organic solvents is imperative to prepare polymer solution for electrospinning.

“Electrospinning can be used to fabricate carbon fibers using waste plastics, and dissolution of plastics using organic solvents is imperative to prepare polymer solution for electrospinning.”

May combine two claims.

The polyurethane foam was pyrolyzed into N-doped porous carbon under in situ atmosphere, and the yield of hierarchical porous carbon obtained by KOH activation reached 55.0%.

“The polyurethane foam was pyrolyzed into N-doped porous carbon under in situ atmosphere, and the yield of hierarchical porous carbon obtained by KOH activation reached 55.0% (Fig. 4b) (Zhou et al. 2022).”

• cites Zhou et al. 2022 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The type of waste plastics, carbonization processes, and catalyst types are important factors affecting the morphology and properties of carbon materials.

“The type of waste plastics, carbonization processes, and catalyst types are important factors that affect the morphology and properties of carbon materials.”

May combine two claims.

In the flash Joule heating carbonization process, there is no need for a furnace, solvent, or reaction gas, nor for purification steps.

“In the carbonization process, there is no need for a furnace, solvent, or reaction gas, nor for purification steps.”

May combine two claims.

Metal-organic framework improves the surface area and porosity of carbon materials, and metal oxide nanoparticles improve the electrochemical performance and stability of carbon materials.

“Metal-organic framework improves the surface area and porosity of carbon materials, and metal oxide nanoparticles improve the electrochemical performance and stability of carbon materials.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Compared with other plastics, polyvinyl chloride has the lowest carbon content and is prone to generating harmful gases such as HCl during carbonization.

“Compared with other plastics, polyvinyl chloride has the lowest carbon content and is prone to generating harmful gases such as HCl during carbonization.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Waste plastics usually need to be converted into carbon materials through high-temperature carbonization under different atmospheres, catalysts, templates, and pressure conditions.

“Waste plastics usually need to be converted into carbon materials through high-temperature carbonization under different atmospheres, catalysts, templates, and pressure conditions.”

May combine two claims.

The fiber density and size distribution can be controlled by changing the feed rate and humidity of electrospinning, and the fiber structure before carbonization can be maintained even after high temperature carbonization.

“The fiber density and size distribution can be controlled by changing the feed rate and humidity of electrospinning, and the fiber structure before carbonization can be maintained even after high temperature carbonization (Mirjalili et al. 2020).”

• cites Mirjalili et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The plastic is heated to high temperature in a short period of time, and most non-carbon atoms are removed through sublimation to obtain high-quality turbine layer flash graphene, with a yield of over 90%.

“The plastic is heated to high temperature in a short period of time, and most non-carbon atoms are removed through sublimation to obtain high-quality turbine layer flash graphene, with a yield of over 90% (Luong et al. 2020).”

• cites Luong et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The self-generated pressure formed by plastic pyrolysis can also improve carbon yield.

“In addition, the self-generated pressure formed by plastic pyrolysis can also improve carbon yield.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The autogenous pressure generated by plastic carbonization promotes the carbonization process.

May combine two claims.

Low-temperature hydrothermal carbonization produces hydrogen carbon through dehydration and decarboxylation, while high-temperature hydrothermal carbonization produces highly graphitized carbon products such as graphite carbon, activated carbon, and carbon nanotubes as the reaction temperature increases.

“Low-temperature hydrothermal carbonization produces hydrogen carbon through dehydration and decarboxylation, while high-temperature hydrothermal carbonization produces highly graphitized carbon products such as graphite carbon, activated carbon, and carbon nanotubes as the reaction temperature increases (Chen et al. 2020(Chen et al. , 2022)).”

• cites Chen et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Chen et al. 2022 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Low density polyethylene, as a precursor, will not produce carbon products during carbonization at atmospheric pressure, while 45% of carbon yield can be obtained by autogenous pressure carbonization in a closed system.

“Low density polyethylene, as a precursor, will not produce carbon products during carbonization at atmospheric pressure, while 45% of carbon yield can be obtained by autogenous pressure carbonization in a closed system (Zhang et al. 2019b).”

• cites Zhang et al. 2019bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Electrospinning is considered to be an ideal method for manufacturing nanofibers with adjustable pore size.

“Electrospinning is considered to be an ideal method for manufacturing nanofibers with adjustable pore size.”

May combine two claims.

During carbonization, polypropylene undergoes random cleavage of C-C bonds to form oligomers, which then undergoes β-Cracking to further decomposes into small molecules such as hydrogen, methane, and propylene, which are then catalyzed and carbonized to form carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon spheres.

“During the carbonization process, polypropylene undergoes random cleavage of C-C bonds to form oligomers, which then undergoes β-Cracking to further decomposes into small molecules such as hydrogen, methane, and propylene, which are then catalyzed and carbonized to form carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon spheres (Vollmer et al. 2020).”

• cites Vollmer et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Pretreatment of waste plastics prior to carbonization can change the physical and chemical properties of plastics.

“Pretreatment of waste plastics prior to carbonization can change the physical and chemical properties of plastics.”

May combine two claims.

Due to the presence of benzene ring in polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate, aromatics and oil compounds are easily formed during carbonization, which are the main raw materials for the formation of amorphous carbon.

“Due to the presence of benzene ring in polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate, aromatics and oil compounds are easily formed during carbonization, which are the main raw materials for the formation of amorphous carbon (Cai et al. 2021;Zhang et al. 2021b).”

• cites Cai et al. 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Zhang et al. 2021bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Microwave promoted the sulfonation reaction of low-density polyethylene, and induced a large number of pores in the sulfonated low-density polyethylene plastic.

“In addition, it was found that microwave promoted the sulfonation reaction of low-density polyethylene, and induced a large number of pores in the sulfonated low-density polyethylene plastic (Fig. 4c).”

• cites Kim et al. 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

For oxygen-containing plastics, they can be carbonized directly under oxygen-limited conditions, while for oxygen-free plastics, templates or catalysts need to be used to promote the formation of carbon materials from small molecules generated by plastic pyrolysis, thereby improving carbon yield.

“For oxygen-containing plastics, they can be carbonized directly under oxygen-limited conditions, while for oxygen-free plastics, templates or catalysts need to be used to promote the formation of carbon materials from small molecules generated by plastic pyrolysis, thereby improving carbon yield.”

May combine two claims.

Soft templates can not only serve as a sacrificial precursor for porous carbon, but also catalyze and promote the formation of carbon materials during the carbonization process.

“Soft templates can not only serve as a sacrificial precursor for porous carbon, but also catalyze and promote the formation of carbon materials during the carbonization process.”

May combine two claims.

Hard templates such as SiO2 and Zn have higher carbonization temperature than sacrificial templates, and porous carbon materials are obtained after removing the templates through chemical etching.

“Hard templates such as SiO 2 and Zn have higher carbonization temperature than sacrificial templates, and porous carbon materials are obtained after removing the templates through chemical etching (Ma et al. 2020;Min et al. 2019;Wang et al. 2022a).”

• cites Ma et al. 2020Not checked yet

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• cites Min et al. 2019 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Wang et al. 2022aNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Carbon materials with electrocatalytic activity, good conductivity, and pore structure can be applied in batteries, capacitors, and water electrolysis, playing an important role in sustainable green energy systems.

“Carbon materials with electrocatalytic activity, good conductivity, and pore structure can be applied in batteries, capacitors, and water electrolysis, playing an important role in sustainable green energy systems.”

May combine two claims.

Organically modified montmorillonite as an active template introduces more Brønsted acid sites to catalyze decomposition of plastics and improve carbon emissions, but cannot generate pores on carbon nanosheets.

“Porous MgO template can not only promote the decomposition of polymers, but also promote the formation of porous carbon nanosheets as a sacrificial template, while organically modified montmorillonite, as an active template, can introduce more Brønsted acid sites to catalyze the decomposition of plastics and improve carbon emissions, but it cannot generate pores on carbon nanosheets (Wen et al. 2”

• cites Wen et al. 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The most common template for porous carbon is MgO, and Mg(OH)2 that can be converted into MgO at high temperatures.

“Currently, the most common template is MgO, and Mg(OH) 2 that can be converted into MgO at high temperatures.”

May combine two claims.

Graphene carbon nanotube aerogel prepared by combining carbon nanotubes with graphite oxide through hydrothermal and freeze-drying processes exhibited low density, high porosity, excellent hydrophobicity, and high adsorption capacity of 410 mg/g for oil or organic solvent.

“By combining carbon nanotubes with graphite oxide through hydrothermal and freeze-drying processes, graphene carbon nanotube aerogel was successfully prepared and exhibited low density, high porosity and excellent hydrophobicity, manifesting high adsorption capacity of 410 mg/g oil or organic solvent (Huang et al. 2021).”

• cites Huang et al. 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Quartz tube reactors are simple to operate and have high security, while sealed autoclave reactors can prevent carbon volatiles from escaping with gas and improve carbon yield.

“The quartz tube reactor is simple to operate and has a high security, while the sealed autoclave reactor can prevent carbon volatiles from escaping with the gas and improve the carbon yield.”

May combine two claims.

ZnCl2 as an activator only produces mesopores but promotes the graphitization degree of carbon materials.

“ZnCl 2 as an activator only produces mesopores, but promotes the graphitization degree of carbon materials.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Carbon materials synthesized from waste plastics through carbonization have different characteristics and can be applied to different fields.

“Carbon materials synthesized from waste plastics through carbonization have different characteristics and can be applied to different fields.”

May combine two claims.

Porous MgO template promotes decomposition of polymers and formation of porous carbon nanosheets as a sacrificial template.

“Porous MgO template can not only promote the decomposition of polymers, but also promote the formation of porous carbon nanosheets as a sacrificial template, while organically modified montmorillonite, as an active template, can introduce more Brønsted acid sites to catalyze the decomposition of plastics and improve carbon emissions, but it cannot generate pores on carbon nanosheets (Wen et al. 2”

• cites Wen et al. 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Self-generated pressure carbonization obtains carbon spheres with smooth surfaces, while atmospheric pressure carbonization obtains carbon spheres with rough surfaces and aggregated carbon.

“Self-generated pressure carbonization can obtain carbon sphere with smooth surfaces, while atmospheric pressure carbonization obtains carbon sphere with rough surfaces and aggregated carbon (Gong et al. 2014a;Zhang et al. 2019b).”

• cites Gong et al. 2014aNot checked yet

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• cites Zhang et al. 2019bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Electrospinning is the main equipment for mass production of carbon fibers or porous carbon nanofibers.

“Electrospinning is the main equipment for mass production of carbon fibers or porous carbon nanofibers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Single-layer graphene can be synthesized in different gas environments using the low carbon source solubility of Cu.

“Single-layer graphene can be synthesized in different gas environments using the low carbon source solubility of Cu.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Carbonization of oxygen-free plastics such as polypropylene and polyethylene forms oil containing aromatic hydrocarbons, which is an ideal raw material for carbon sphere synthesis.

“The carbonization of oxygen-free plastics such as polypropylene and polyethylene will form oil containing aromatic hydrocarbons, which is an ideal raw material for carbon sphere synthesis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

KOH is the most commonly used activator and mainly promotes formation of a large number of micropores and a small amount of mesopores in carbon materials.

“Among various activators, the most commonly used KOH is mainly used to promote the formation of a large number of micropores and a small amount of mesopores in carbon materials.”

May combine two claims.

Produced fiber materials have advantages of large specific surface area, chemical composition, morphology, adjustable fiber diameter, and high porosity.

“The produced fiber materials have the advantages of large specific surface area, chemical composition, morphology, adjustable fiber diameter, and high porosity (Zhu and Nie 2021).”

• cites Zhu and Nie 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cu and Ni are the most commonly used metal catalysts in chemical vapor deposition.

“Cu and Ni are the most commonly used metal catalysts in method of chemical vapor deposition.”

May combine two claims.

Carbon nanotubes obtained from waste polyethylene and cobalt nitrate under oleamine protection had a yield of 59.0% and an adsorption capacity for methylene blue of 107.1 mg/g.

“Using waste polyethylene and cobalt nitrate as carbon sources and catalyst precursors, carbon nanotubes with the yield of 59.0% were obtained under the protection of oleamine, and the adsorption capacity for methylene blue reached 107.1 mg/g.”

May combine two claims.

Carbonization of plastic polymers containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can produce more carbon products; polystyrene easily produces carbon nanosheets under the same conditions.

“It is reported that the carbonization of plastic polymers containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can produce more carbon products, such as polystyrene, which is easy to produce carbon nanosheets under the same conditions (Ma et al. 2018).”

• cites Ma et al. 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The main reactors for preparing carbon nanosheets include quartz tube reactors and sealed reactors.

“The main reactors for preparing nanosheets include quartz tube reactors and sealed reactors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Supercapacitors with high specific power density, good cycle stability and long life, fast charging or discharging and wide operating temperature range are preferred for energy storage devices.

“In order to effectively store and use energy, supercapacitors with high specific power density, good cycle stability and long life, fast charging or discharging and wide operating temperature range are preferred for energy storage devices (Pandey et al. 2021).”

• cites Pandey et al. 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hydrothermal carbonization, carbonization or oxidation are usually used to produce carbon nanodots from polymers.

“Hydrothermal carbonization, carbonization or oxidation are usually used to produce carbon nanodots from polymers (Arpita et al. 2023).”

• cites Arpita et al. 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Carbon materials with high surface area, large porosity, and abundant surface groups have shown great potential in pollutant removal, solar evaporation, and CO2 capture.

“Additionally, carbon materials with high surface area, large porosity, and abundant surface groups have shown great potential in pollutant removal, solar evaporation, and CO 2 capture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Carbon nanodots are spherical carbon nanoparticles with a size of 1-10 nm, mainly containing sp3 hybrid carbon, and have strong photoluminescence.

“Carbon nanodots are spherical carbon nanoparticles with a size of 1-10 nm, mainly containing sp 3 hybrid carbon, and the most distinctive property is strong photoluminescence (Georgakilas et al. 2015).”

• cites Georgakilas et al. 2015 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Compared to KOH, K2CO3 has less corrosiveness.

“Compared to KOH, K 2 CO 3 has less corrosiveness (Liew et al. 2019;Min et al. 2020;Zhang et al. 2021bZhang et al. , 2018)).”

• cites Liew et al. 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Min et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Zhang et al. 2021bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Compared to Cu, Ni's low carbon source solubility has stronger chemical adsorption on graphene and is easier to form graphene.

“Compared to Cu, Ni's low carbon source solubility has a stronger chemical adsorption on graphene and is easier to form graphene (Ren et al. 2022).”

• cites Ren et al. 2022 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The synthesis of molybdenum carbide carbon nanocomposites using waste plastics promoted electrocatalytic activity and exhibited stable electrocyclic performance.

“The synthesis of molybdenum carbide carbon nanocomposites using waste plastics promoted electrocatalytic activity and exhibited stable electrocyclic performance (Mir and Pandey 2019).”

• cites Mir and Pandey 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The removal rates of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) by polyvinyl chloride derived carbon were 81.2% and 60.3%, respectively.

“The removal rates of Cu (II) and Cr (VI) by polyvinyl chloride derived carbon were 81.2% and 60.3%, respectively (Xu et al. 2022).”

• cites Xu et al. 2022Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

After catalytic activation, the thickness of the nanosheets was only 4-4.5 nm, exhibiting a porous structure and a high specific capacitance of 349 F/g.

“After catalytic activation, the thickness of the nanosheets was only 4-4.5 nm, exhibiting a porous structure and a high specific capacitance of 349 F/g (Liu et al. 2021b).”

• cites Liu et al. 2021bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The polyurethane foam was successfully converted into N-doped porous carbon by in situ atmosphere carbonization and KOH activation, and the N-doped porous carbon as capacitor electrode had a high specific capacitance of 342 F/g at 0.5A/g, energy density of 11.3 W h/kg, and power density of 250 W/kg.

“The polyurethane foam was successfully converted into N-doped porous carbon by in situ atmosphere carbonization and KOH activation, and the N-doped porous carbon as capacitor electrode had a high specific capacitance of 342 F/g at 0.5A/g, energy density of 11.3 W h/kg, and power density of 250 W/kg (Zhou et al. 2022).”

• cites Zhou et al. 2022 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Due to the combined action of sulfonic acid groups and KOH, the formation of dense porous carbon structure was promoted, which favored the rapid diffusion of ions, resulting in a high specific capacitance of 328.9 F/g at 1 A/g.

“Due to the combined action of sulfonic acid groups and KOH, the formation of dense porous carbon structure was promoted, which favored the rapid diffusion of ions, resulting in a high specific capacitance of 328.9 F/g at 1 A/g.”

May combine two claims.

During the carbonization process, melamine was not only used as a nitrogen source, but also as a template for macroporous structures.

“During the carbonization process, melamine was not only used as a nitrogen source, but also as a template for macroporous structures.”

May combine two claims.

The synergistic effect of N-doped carbon coating and Mo2C improved the electronic conductivity and charge storage capacity of the composite, and the material surface provided a large number of active sites, which enhanced the activity and stability of hydrogen evolution reaction, showing a higher current density of 60 mA/cm2, and the stability reached 2000-V ampere cycles.

“The synergistic effect of N-doped carbon coating and Mo 2 C improved the electronic conductivity and charge storage capacity of the composite, and the material surface provided a large number of active sites, which enhanced the activity and stability of hydrogen evolution reaction, showing a higher current density of 60 mA/cm 2 , and the stability reached 2000-V ampere cycles (Mir et al. 2020a).”

• cites Mir et al. 2020aNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

KMnO4 was thermally decomposed and reduced, producing MnOx and emitting CO2 and O2.

“KMnO 4 was also thermally decomposed and reduced, producing MnO x and emitting CO 2 and O 2 (Eq.15).”

May combine two claims.

(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 serves as a graphitization catalyst and doped S source.

“(NH 4 ) 2 Fe(SO 4 ) 2 serves as a graphitization catalyst and doped S source.”

May combine two claims.

Used as the anode material of sodium-ion battery, the graphitized carbon electrode had the highest reversible capacity of 340 mAh/g and superior rate performance at a current of 0.01 A/g.

“Used as the anode material of sodium-ion battery, the graphitized carbon electrode had the highest reversible capacity of 340 m Ah/g and superior rate performance at a current of 0.01 A/g (Lee et al. 2022).”

• cites Lee et al. 2022 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The use of tetrabutylammonium bromide and NaOH promoted dechlorination and oxidative crosslinking within the polyvinyl chloride sphere, transforming thermoplastic polyvinyl chloride into thermosetting and maintaining its sphericity.

“However, the use of tetrabutylammonium bromide and NaOH promoted dechlorination and oxidative crosslinking within the polyvinyl chloride sphere, transforming thermoplastic polyvinyl chloride into thermosetting and maintaining its sphericity.”

May combine two claims.

Using melt blown cloth from discarded masks as precursor and nickel metal catalysis, carbon-based composites were obtained and used as negative electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, providing a specific capacity of 479 mAh/g.

“Using melt blown cloth from discarded masks as precursor and nickel metal catalysis, carbon-based composites were obtained and used as negative electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, providing a specific capacity of 479 m Ah/g (Li et al. 2022a).”

• cites Li et al. 2022aNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The prepared carbon had a high specific surface area and pore volume, up to 2507 m2/g and 1.11 cm3/g, respectively.

“Structural characterization showed that the prepared carbon had a high specific surface area and pore volume, up to 2507 m 2 /g and 1.11 cm 3 /g, respectively.”

• cites Liu et al. 2022bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Although high surface area and porous structure help improve the accessibility of electrolyte ions, improving the graphitization and crystallinity of carbon materials can reduce the internal resistance of electrodes.

“Although high surface area and porous structure help improve the accessibility of electrolyte ions, improving the graphitization and crystallinity of carbon materials can reduce the internal resistance of electrodes.”

May combine two claims.

Spherical carbon materials reduced flow resistance and wear inside the adsorption bed at the macro level, and had a large surface area, high chemical stability, and good recyclability at the micro level, thus possessing large CO2 capture ability.

“Spherical carbon materials reduced the flow resistance and wear inside the adsorption bed at the macro level, and had a large surface area, high chemical stability, and good recyclability at the micro level, thus possessing large CO 2 capture ability (Pardakhti et al. 2019).”

• cites Pardakhti et al. 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Polyvinyl chloride carbon reduced Fe2+ ions to Fe metals at high temperatures, and the SO4 2- anion was also reduced by carbon to S, allowing S to be doped into the graphitized carbon during the graphitization process.

“Polyvinyl chloride carbon reduced Fe 2+ ions to Fe metals at high temperatures, and the SO 4 2-anion was also reduced by carbon to S, allowing S to be doped into the graphitized carbon during the graphitization process (Eq. 16).”

May combine two claims.

The malachite green in wastewater was removed through physical adsorption, and electrostatic attraction, oxygen-containing groups, and π-π interactions were the driving forces for the excellent adsorption performance.

“The malachite green in wastewater was removed through physical adsorption, and electrostatic attraction, oxygen-containing groups, and π-π interactions were the driving forces for the excellent adsorption performance (Li et al. 2021d).”

• cites Li et al. 2021dNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

High-temperature carbonization of coagulated waste plastics promoted the reduction of iron, improved the catalytic activity of iron and carbon nanomaterials, and the removal rate of Rhodamine B reached 97.57%.

“Then the high-temperature carbonization of coagulated waste plastics promoted the reduction of iron, improved the catalytic activity of iron and carbon nanomaterials, and the removal rate of Rhodamine B reached 97.57%.”

May combine two claims.

Physical adsorption dominated by micropores played an important role in CO2 adsorption, with approximately 80% of CO2 adsorption capacity coming from physical adsorption, and the remaining 20% from chemical adsorption caused by the interaction between alkaline N groups and acidic CO2 molecules.

“Physical adsorption dominated by micropores played an important role in CO 2 adsorption, with approximately 80% of CO 2 adsorption capacity coming from physical adsorption, and the remaining 20% from chemical adsorption caused by the interaction between alkaline N groups and acidic CO 2 molecules (Duan et al. 2018;Ge et al. 2016).”

• cites Duan et al. 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Ge et al. 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

This composite material had a high moisture evaporation rate of 1.67 kg/m2/h and an excellent solar steam conversion efficiency of 94.9%.

“This composite material had a high moisture evaporation rate of 1.67 kg/m 2 /h and an excellent solar steam conversion efficiency of 94.9%.”

May combine two claims.

The porous carbon spheres obtained after carbonization had a large surface area and good microporous structure, with CO2 adsorption capacity of 8.93 mmol/g at 0 °C.

“The porous carbon spheres obtained after carbonization had a large surface area and good microporous structure, with CO 2 adsorption capacity of 8.93 mmol/g at 0 °C (Wang et al. 2020).”

• cites Wang et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

One of the main challenges in producing carbon materials from waste plastics is the economic feasibility of the production process.

“One of the main challenges in producing carbon materials from waste plastics is the economic feasibility of the production process.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The production cost of carbon derived from waste plastics is higher than that of traditional carbon materials.

May combine two claims.

Zhao et al. used industrial waste plastics such as melamine and polyurethane to prepare conductive N-doped carbon carrier through combining with highly catalytic MoS2 nanosheets, and it improved the conductivity and electrocatalytic activity of the composite material and promoted the progress of hydrogen evolution reaction.

“Zhao et al. used industrial waste plastics such as melamine and polyurethane to prepare conductive N-doped carbon carrier through combining with highly catalytic MoS 2 nanosheets, and it improved the conductivity and electrocatalytic activity of the composite material and promoted the progress of hydrogen evolution reaction (Zhao et al. 2020).”

• cites Zhao et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Transforming waste plastics into functional carbon materials enables the recycling of waste plastics and the mitigation of environmental pollution, favoring circular economy.

“Transforming waste plastics into functional carbon materials enables the recycling of waste plastics and the mitigation of environmental pollution, favoring circular economy.”

May combine two claims.

Using polyphenylene sulfide as precursor and KOH as activator, the S-doped activated carbon was prepared and exhibited high performance in the adsorption and oxidation removal of phenol organic compounds.

“Using polyphenylene sulfide as precursor and KOH as activator, the S-doped activated carbon was prepared and exhibited high performance in the adsorption and oxidation removal of phenol organic compounds (Guo et al. 2018b).”

• cites Guo et al. 2018bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The adsorption capacity of porous carbon nanosheets for methylene blue was 769.2 mg/g, significantly higher than most reported adsorbents, and carbon nanosheets had excellent recyclability.

“The adsorption capacity of porous carbon nanosheets for methylene blue was 769.2 mg/g, significantly higher than most reported adsorbents, and carbon nanosheets had excellent recyclability.”

• cites Gong et al. 2015 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Gong et al. 2014cNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

By using different carbonization methods such as oxygen-limited carbonization, template-based carbonization, catalytic carbonization, pressure carbonization, flash Joule heating, and microwave conversion, waste plastics are converted into diverse carbon materials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanosheets, carbon sphere, and porous carbon.

“By using different carbonization methods such as oxygen-limited carbonization, template-based carbonization, catalytic carbonization, pressure carbonization, flash Joule heating, and microwave conversion, waste plastics are converted into diverse carbon materials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanosheets, carbon sphere, and porous carbon.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

By adjusting porosity, surface area, heteroatom doping or functional groups, the electrochemical, adsorption, and catalytic performance of carbon materials in batteries, supercapacitors, pollutant removal by adsorption or degradation, solar evaporation, and carbon dioxide capture systems are improved.

“By adjusting its porosity, surface area, heteroatom doping or functional groups, the electrochemical, adsorption, and catalytic performance of carbon materials in batteries, supercapacitors, pollutant removal by adsorption or degradation, solar evaporation, and carbon dioxide capture systems are improved.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If the pretreatment of oxygen-free polymers using sulfuric acid is not properly controlled, it generates harmful emissions, such as volatile organic compounds and greenhouse gases.

“If the former is not properly controlled, it generates harmful emissions, such as volatile organic compounds and greenhouse gases.”

May combine two claims.

Previously reported methods were mostly limited to single plastic, while real-world waste plastics typically contain many components, such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyvinyl chloride, severely hindering the application of previous methods.

“Previously reported methods were mostly limited to single plastic, while”

• Also stated in: § Mixed plastics · plain

  “real world”

• Also stated in: § Mixed plastics · plain

  “waste plastics typically contain many components, such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyvinyl chloride, severely hindering the application of previous methods (López et al. 2011).”

• cites López et al. 2011 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If the removal of catalyst templates through acid washing is not properly handled, strong corrosive acids may pollute the environment and even the public health.

“If the latter is not properly handled, strong corrosive acids may pollute the environment and even the public health.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Pressure carbonization uses sophisticated techniques and gives high carbon yields.

“Sophisticated techniques, high | carbon yields”

May combine two claims.

Pressure carbonization has high equipment requirements and relatively high energy consumption.

“High equipment, requirements, | relatively high energy con- | sumption”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Catalytic carbonization is applicable for most plastics and generates graphitic carbons.

“Applicable for most plastics, | generation of graphitic | carbons”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Microwave conversion is simple, fast to prepare, and ensures control of reaction conditions such as temperature and reaction time.

“Simple, fast preparation, | ensure control of reaction | conditions, such as tempera- | ture and reaction time”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Flash Joule heating is simple, has low energy consumption, is fast to prepare, and is applicable for most plastics.

“Simple, low energy consump- | tion, fast preparation, appli- | cable for most plastics”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Two carbonization temperatures affect the properties of carbon materials prepared from waste plastics (Liu et al., 2020).

“Effects of two carbonization temperatures on the properties of carbon materials prepared from waste plastics.Reprinted with permission of Elsevier fromLiu et al. (2020)”

• cites Liu et al. (2020) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Template-based method has low cost, is easy to purify, adjustable, easy to control the parameters of carbon materials and improve the carbonization yield.

“Low cost, easy to purify, | adjustable, easy to control | the parameters of carbon | materials and improve the | carbonization yield”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Oxygen-limited carbonization is simple, has low equipment requirements, is relatively low cost, and is applicable for most plastics.

“Simple, low equipment | requirements, relatively, low | cost, applicable for most | plastics”

May combine two claims.

Microwave conversion has relatively high energy consumption, limited carbon yields, is expensive, and is not suitable for mass production.

“Relatively high energy con- | sumption, limited carbon | yields, expensive, not suitable | for mass production”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Template-based method pollutes the environment with acid or alkali and makes the production process complex.

“Acid or alkali pollutes the | environment, the production | process becomes complex”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Oxygen-limited carbonization has relatively low carbon yield and high energy consumption.

“Low carbon yield relatively | high energy consumption”

May combine two claims.

Catalytic carbonization needs catalysts and has relatively high energy consumption.

“Needs catalysts, relatively high | energy consumption”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Flash Joule heating has difficult management of volatile products, involves high current, and needs conductive substances.

“Difficult management of | volatile products, high current | involved, needs conductive | substances”