Physical and chemical analysis of alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) fuel and development of surrogate fuel mixtures
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Abstract In this study, the chemical composition and physical properties of an alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) fuel were used to develop a surrogate mixture containing commercially available hydrocarbons. Analysis of the chemical composition of the ATJ showed a high quantity of two specific branched alkanes (2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane and 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane) and a small quantity of other branched alkanes that are isomers of these two alkanes. Surrogate mixtures containing 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane and a mixture of isododecane isomers were prepared to determine what composition would match the density, viscosity, speed of sound, bulk modulus, surface tension, and flash point of ATJ. The optimal surrogate contained a 0.25 mass fraction of 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane in isododecane isomers. Combustion experiments were then conducted in a Yanmar diesel engine with fuel mixtures containing 70% (by volume) petroleum jet fuel with 30% ATJ, 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane, the optimal surrogate mixtures based on physical properties, or the isododecane isomers. The startup performances of the three 30% surrogate mixtures were very similar to that of the 70% JP-5 with 30% ATJ fuel. No significant differences were seen in the engine combustion characteristics of the three 70/30 surrogates, as compared to the base 70% JP-5/30% ATJ fuel mixture. These results show that a surrogate mixture has been successfully prepared that matches the physical and chemical properties and combustion behavior of an ATJ fuel.
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ATJ fuels have undergone and continue to undergo rigorous testing to establish their use as drop-in fuels for commercial aircraft.
“The ATJ fuels have undergone and continue to undergo rigorous testing to establish their use as drop-in fuels for commercial aircraft (Luning Prak et al., 2015).”
From Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks (2016) · cites this paper as Luning Prak et al., 2015
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- Authors
- Luning Prak, D. J., Jones, M. H., Trulove, P., McDaniel, A. M., Dickerson, T., & Cowart, J. S.
- Affiliations
- U.S. Naval Academy , , 572 M Holloway Rd. , , ,
- United States Naval Academy (US)
- Naval Air Systems Command (US)
- ORCID
- Trulove, Paul
- Venue
- Energy & Fuels
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2015-05-11
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 3760-3769
- ISSN
- 0887-0624 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5029
- OpenAlex
- W2511298512
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 5.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Energy & Fuels (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Office of Naval Research (NA)
- Naval Air Systems Command (NA)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Heat transfer and supercritical fluids
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Coal Combustion and Slurry Processing
- Keywords
- alcohol-to-jet fuel, branched alkanes, JP-5 jet fuel, diesel engine combustion, fuel physical properties, new venture performance
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