The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Emissions of Ultrafine Particles and Volatile Organic Compounds from Commercially Available Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments
Open accessAbstract
Previous research has shown that desktop 3D printers can emit large numbers of ultrafine particles (UFPs, particles less than 100 nm) and some hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during printing, although very few filament and 3D printer combinations have been tested to date. Here we quantify emissions of UFPs and speciated VOCs from five commercially available filament extrusion desktop 3D printers utilizing up to nine different filaments by controlled experiments in a test chamber. Median estimates of time-varying UFP emission rates ranged from ∼10(8) to ∼10(11) min(-1) across all tested combinations, varying primarily by filament material and, to a lesser extent, bed temperature. The individual VOCs emitted in the largest quantities included caprolactam from nylon-based and imitation wood and brick filaments (ranging from ∼2 to ∼180 μg/min), styrene from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) filaments (ranging from ∼10 to ∼110 μg/min), and lactide from polylactic acid (PLA) filaments (ranging from ∼4 to ∼5 μg/min). Results from a screening analysis of potential exposure to these products in a typical small office environment suggest caution should be used when operating many of the printer and filament combinations in poorly ventilated spaces or without the aid of combined gas and particle filtration systems.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles
Oberdörster, G., Oberdörster, E., & Oberdörster, J. (2005) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.7339 · Cited by 7,891
Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain
Oberdörster, G., Sharp, Z., Atudorei, V., Elder, A., Gelein, R., Kreyling, W., & Cox, C. (2004) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.1080/08958370490439597 · Cited by 2,606
Evaluation of 3D Printing and Its Potential Impact on Biotechnology and the Chemical Sciences
Gross, B. C., Erkal, J. L., Lockwood, S. Y., Chen, C., & Spence, D. M. (2014) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac403397r · Cited by 1,746
Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene.
Anttila, A., Bhat, R. V., Bond, J. A., Borghoff, S. J., Bosch, F. X., Carlson, G. P., Castegnaro, M., Cruzan, G., Gelderblom, W. C. A., Hass, U., et al. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 1,674
Delfino, R. J., Sioutas, C., & Malik, S. (2005) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.7938 · Cited by 931
Association of Particulate Air Pollution and Acute Mortality: Involvement of Ultrafine Particles?
Oberdörster, G., Celein, R. M., Ferin, J., & Weiss, B. (1995) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.3109/08958379509014275 · Cited by 626
Risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in different indoor environments
Guo, H., Lee, S. C., Chan, L. Y., & Li, W. M. (2004) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/s0013-9351(03)00035-5 · Cited by 529
Ultrafine particle emissions from desktop 3D printers
Stephens, B., Azimi, P., El Orch, Z., & Ramos, T. (2013) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.050 · Cited by 488
Self-citationWesterdahl, D., Fruin, S., Sax, T., Fine, P. M., & Sioutas, C. (2005) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.02.034 · Cited by 429
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Patterson, G. T., Branch, T., & Fan, A. M. (2005) · Cited by 400
Daily mortality and particulate matter in different size classes in Erfurt, Germany
Stölzel, M., Breitner, S., Cyrys, J., Pitz, M., Wölke, G., Kreyling, W., Heinrich, J., Wichmann, H.-E., & Peters, A. (2007) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500538 · Cited by 252
A Method to Estimate the Chronic Health Impact of Air Pollutants in U.S. Residences
Logue, J. M., Price, P. N., Sherman, M. H., & Singer, B. C. (2012) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1104035 · Cited by 251
Personal exposure to ultrafine particles
Wallace, L., & Ott, W. (2011) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/jes.2009.59 · Cited by 241
Emissions of Nanoparticles and Gaseous Material from 3D Printer Operation
Kim, Y., Yoon, C., Ham, S., Park, J., Kim, S., Kwon, O., & Tsai, P.-J. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b02805 · Cited by 220
Andersen, Z. J., Olsen, T. S., Andersen, K. K., Loft, S., Ketzel, M., & Raaschou-Nielsen, O. (2010) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq188 · Cited by 191
Bhangar, S., Mullen, N. A., Hering, S. V., Kreisberg, N. M., & Nazaroff, W. W. (2011) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00689.x · Cited by 158
Diez, U., Kroeßner, T., Rehwagen, M., Richter, M., Wetzig, H., Schulz, R., Borte, M., Metzner, G., Krumbiegel, P., Herbarth, O., et al. (2000) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1078/s1438-4639(04)70004-8 · Cited by 154
Sorption of organic gases in a furnished room
Singer, B. C., Revzan, K. L., Hotchi, T., Hodgson, A. T., & Brown, N. J. (2004) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.003 · Cited by 151
Indoor ultrafine particles and childhood asthma: exploring a potential public health concern
Weichenthal, S., Dufresne, A., & Infante‐Rivard, C. (2006) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00446.x · Cited by 120
Levels of ultrafine particles in different microenvironments — Implications to children exposure
Diapouli, E., Chaloulakou, A., & Spyrellis, N. (2007) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.063 · Cited by 92
Airborne Emissions of Carcinogens and Respiratory Sensitizers during Thermal Processing of Plastics
Unwin, J., Coldwell, M., Keen, C., & McAlinden, J. J. (2012) · The Annals of Occupational Hygiene · doi:10.1093/annhyg/mes078 · Cited by 88
Sorption of organic gases in residential rooms
Singer, B. C., Hodgson, A. T., Hotchi, T., Ming, K. Y., Sextro, R. G., Wood, E. E., & Brown, N. J. (2007) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.056 · Cited by 86
Fine and Ultrafine Particle Decay Rates in Multiple Homes
Wallace, L. A., Kindzierski, W. B., Kearney, J. P., MacNeill, M., Héroux, M.-È., & Wheeler, A. J. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es402580t · Cited by 48
Allgood, C. C., Orlando, R. C., & Munson, B. (1990) · Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1016/1044-0305(90)85020-m · Cited by 23
Cited by
Nanoplastics are neither microplastics nor engineered nanoparticles
Gigault, J., El Hadri, H., Nguyen, B., Grassl, B., Rowenczyk, L., Tufenkji, N., Feng, S., & Wiesner, M. (2021) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-021-00886-4 · Cited by 954
Quantifying ecological risks of aquatic micro- and nanoplastic
Besseling, E., Redondo-Hasselerharm, P., Foekema, E. M., & Koelmans, A. A. (2019) · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/10643389.2018.1531688 · Cited by 564
Design for sustainable additive manufacturing: A review
Hegab, H., Khanna, N., Monib, N., & Salem, A. (2023) · Sustainable Materials and Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00576 · Cited by 289
Hayes, A. C., Osio-Norgaard, J., Miller, S., Vance, M. E., & Whiting, G. L. (2021) · ACS ES&T Engineering · doi:10.1021/acsestengg.0c00045 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Azimi, P., Zhao, D., Pouzet, C., Crain, N. E., & Stephens, B.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2016-01-15
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1260-1268
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2225373060
- Cited by
- 389
- References
- 24
- FWCI
- 19.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
