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An All-Dielectric Polaritonic Metasurface with a Giant Nonlinear Optical Response
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Enhancing the efficiency of second-harmonic generation using all-dielectric metasurfaces to date has mostly focused on electromagnetic engineering of optical modes in the meta-atom. Further advances in nonlinear conversion efficiencies can be gained by engineering the material nonlinearities at the nanoscale, however this cannot be achieved using conventional materials. Semiconductor heterostructures that support resonant nonlinearities using quantum engineered intersubband transitions can provide this new degree of freedom. By simultaneously optimizing the heterostructures and meta-atoms, we experimentally realize an all-dielectric polaritonic metasurface with a maximum second-harmonic generation power conversion factor of 0.5 mW/W 2 and power conversion efficiencies of 0.015% at nominal pump intensities of 11 kW/cm 2 . These conversion efficiencies are higher than the record values reported to date in all-dielectric nonlinear metasurfaces but with 3 orders of magnitude lower pump power. Our results therefore open a new direction for designing efficient nonlinear all-dielectric metasurfaces for new classical and quantum light sources.
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The coupled QW design lacks inversion symmetry along the growth direction z, allowing optical transitions at both the fundamental pump wavelength (7.9 μm) and SH wavelength (3.95 μm) from the ground state, creating a doubly-resonant χ(2).
“It lacks inversion symmetry along the growth direction z , which allows us to have optical transitions at both the fundamental pump wavelength (7.9 µm) and SH wavelength (3.95 µm) from the ground state and thereby creates a doublyresonant χ (2) [22].”
From Inverse Design of an All-Dielectric Nonlinear Polaritonic Metasurface. (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
The indexed copy contains an IRIS repository page listing the paper’s PDF, but no readable passage from the paper itself. Searches for the 7.9 and 3.95 μm transitions, inversion symmetry, and doubly resonant χ(2) returned no passage addressing the claim, so the attribution cannot be checked against this copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cylindrical resonators support a magnetic dipole-type Mie mode at the pump frequency.
“the cylindrical resonators support a magnetic dipole-type Mie mode at the pump frequency [22]”
From Inverse Design of an All-Dielectric Nonlinear Polaritonic Metasurface. (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
The available indexed passages are from an archive listing (section labeled “Abstract > 1.1 Articolo in rivista,” no page number), which links to a PDF but does not provide the paper’s substantive text. Searches for the magnetic dipole-type Mie mode and cylindrical resonators at the pump frequency found no passage that addresses the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Self-citationNonlinear semiconductor metasurfaces: from entangled photon generation to Terahertz applications
Brener, I. (2024) · International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics · doi:10.1109/omn61224.2024.10685263
Self-citationMcIlroy, D. N., Gaumet, J., Pierrat, P., Magri, P., Franchetti, P., Hocevar, C., Martin, B. H., O’Hara, J. F., & Dice, N. P. (2024) · Plasmonics · doi:10.1007/s11468-024-02647-0
Boosting SHG in InP Nanomembranes: The Role of the Wurtzite‐Zincblende Polytypic Interface
Su, Z., Cui, M., Wei, Y., Wang, Y., Sun, D., Xue, Z.-Y., Wang, K., Wang, N., Pan, C., Zheng, C., et al. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202522095
Yu, J., Mohajan, J., Tokman, M. D., Stewart, J., Rice, A., Addamane, S., Malis, O., Rodríguez, A. W., Brener, I., Sarma, R., et al. (2026) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.78573
Self-citationJinwei, 石. S., Chenying, 黄. H., Guoxia, 杨. Y., Anwen, 蒋. J., Jiayi, 张. Z., Yihe, 李. L., Siyan, 姜. J., Xiaoran, 张. Z., Qianwen, 贾. J., & Dahe, 刘. L. (2026) · Chinese Journal of Lasers · doi:10.3788/cjl260428
Chen, C., Herman, L., & Liu, Z. (2026) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d6nr00497k
Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., & Bradley, L. (2026) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.613126
Zhang, Y., Si, J., Hou, X., & Wang, K. (2026) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.19511
Metadata
- Authors
- Sarma, R., Xu, J., de Ceglia, D., Carletti, L., Campione, S., Klem, J., Sinclair, M. B., Belkin, M. A., & Brener, I.
- Affiliations
- Sandia National Laboratories (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- University of Padua (IT)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Sarma, Raktim
- Brener, Igal
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nano Letters
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2022-01-19
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 896-903
- ISSN
- 1530-6984 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-6992
- OpenAlex
- W4206646833
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 2.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Nano Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Basic Energy Sciences
- Ministero dell?Istruzione, dell?Universit? e della Ricerca (Law 232/2016)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Plasmonic and Surface Plasmon Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics
- Keywords
- dielectric metasurfaces, second harmonic generation, nonlinear optical properties, semiconductor heterostructures, intersubband transitions, meta-atoms, power conversion efficiency, nonlinear photonics
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