3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Scaffolds Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals and Silver Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have garnered significant attention in pharmaceutical and medical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, renewability, and strong surface reactivity. In this study, we designed 3D-printed bioactive composite scaffolds via fused deposition modeling (FDM), incorporating polycaprolactone (PCL), CNC derived from Ficus thonningii bark, and silver nanoparticles (AgNps) synthesized through in situ reduction of silver nitrate AgNO 3 . Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed AgNps incorporation, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a highly porous, interconnected structure. The inclusion of CNC and AgNps enhanced PCL’s biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and hydroxyapatite nucleation, all crucial for osteoconductivity. The scaffolds demonstrated mechanical properties suitable for bone regeneration, effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, and cytocompatibility with Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). These findings highlight the potential of PCL/CNCx/AgNps scaffolds as advanced biomaterials for bone tissue engineering, since they offer enhanced resorbability, antibacterial protection, and structural adaptability.
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The binary PCL/CNCs composite displays significantly higher stiffness and ductility compared to the ternary PCL/CNCs/AgNPs system.
“The binary PCL/CNCs composite displayed significantly higher stiffness and ductility compared to the ternary PCL/CNCs/AgNps system, highlighting CNCs’ role in enhancing the mechanical performance of the composite scaffolds.”
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- Authors
- N’Gatta, K. M., Assanvo, E. F., El Hayek, J., Masquelez, N., Kamgang Syapnjeu, P., Deabate, S., Bonniol, V., Soussan, L., Zamora-Ledezma, C., Elango, J., Flaud, V., Boa, D., & Salameh, C.
- Affiliations
- École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (FR)
- Université Nangui Abrogoua (CI)
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635
- Higher Polytechnic School, UAX-Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Avda. Universidad, 1, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Católica de Murcia (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Salameh, Chrystelle
- ORCID
- Venue
- ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2025-07-04
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 28
- Pages
- 41028-41043
- ISSN
- 1944-8244 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-8252
- OpenAlex
- W4412034210
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 2.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-20-CE08-0009, ANR-23-TERC-0009)
- Campus France (50512PC)
- Université de Montpellier
- Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications
- Keywords
- polycaprolactone scaffolds, cellulose nanocrystals, silver nanoparticles, bone tissue engineering, 3D printing, fused deposition modeling, hydroxyapatite nucleation, osteoconductivity, antibacterial activity, Escherichia coli, mesenchymal stem cells, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, porous scaffolds
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Biocompatible Materials, Bone and Bones, Bone Regeneration, Cellulose, Escherichia coli, Humans, Polyesters, Silver, Tissue Engineering, Metal Nanoparticles, Tissue Scaffolds, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Printing, Three-Dimensional
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