Cognitive Improvement by Vorinostat through Modulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in a Corticosterone-Induced Chronic Stress Model in Mice
Abstract
Chronic stress is the leading cause of memory impairment today. Various stress-based models are being developed for studying cognitive impairment. Repurposing of existing drugs in a new pharmacology class is the safest and cheapest option for treatment instead of new drug discovery. Vorinostat (VOR) is the first histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by the U.S. FDA. VOR follows the rule of five and is reported to cross the blood–brain barrier. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the procognitive potential of VOR (25 mg/kg) administered by intraperitoneal (ip) route in a stress-based model of chronic corticosterone (CORT) injections (20 mg/kg, subcutaneously (sc)). The study comprised six groups. Normal mice were administered vehicle (VEH) (days 1–21, sc) in the first group, VOR (days 8–21, 25 mg/kg, ip) in the second group, and fluoxetine (FLX) (days 8–21, 15 mg/kg, oral) in the third group. Mice in the remaining three groups were given 20 mg/kg (sc) CORT for 21 days, and VOR (days 8–21, 25 mg/kg, ip) or FLX (days 8–21, 15 mg/kg, oral) was additionally administered to the treatment groups. Behavioral tests such as Morris water maze test, novel object recognition test, and object in place test were performed at the end of the dosing schedule to assess cognition. After behavior tests, mice were sacrificed, and hippocampus was separated from brain tissue for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry studies. VOR treatment attenuated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in CORT mice as evident from the reduction in DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 ( Ddit3 ) (gene encoding CHOP), caspase 12 ( Casp12 ), and calpain-2 ( Capn2 ) mRNA levels, and cleaved caspase 3 (CASP3) protein expression. Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) was significantly increased in VOR-treated CORT mice. VOR also reversed CORT induced increase in HDAC2 level in the CA3 region. The protective effects of VOR were comparable to that of FLX in CORT mice. Thus, VOR has the potential to reverse cognitive dysfunction via modulation of ER stress markers and HDAC2.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
HDAC inhibitors such as sodium butyrate and SAHA may provide therapeutic options for depressed patients with cognitive impairment.
“HDACis, such as sodium butyrate and SAHA, promote cognitive function, and may provide therapeutic options for depressed patients with cognitive impairment.405–407”
From Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stress-related disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential (2023) · cites this paper as [405]
HDAC inhibitors such as sodium butyrate and SAHA promote cognitive function.
“HDACis, such as sodium butyrate and SAHA, promote cognitive function, and may provide therapeutic options for depressed patients with cognitive impairment.405–407”
From Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stress-related disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential (2023) · cites this paper as [405]
Cites
Morris water maze: procedures for assessing spatial and related forms of learning and memory
Vorhees, C. V., & Williams, M. T. (2006) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.116 · Cited by 4,629 · see citing works
Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus
Malberg, J. E., Eisch, A. J., Nestler, E. J., & Duman, R. S. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-24-09104.2000 · Cited by 3,111 · see citing works
THE MAMMALIAN UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE
Schröder, M., & Kaufman, R. J. (2005) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.074134 · Cited by 3,035 · see citing works
McCullough, K. D., Martindale, J. L., Klotz, L., Aw, T. Y., & Holbrook, N. J. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.21.4.1249-1259.2001 · Cited by 1,895 · see citing works
Functional organization of the hippocampal longitudinal axis
Strange, B. A., Witter, M. P., Lein, E. S., & Moser, E. I. (2014) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3785 · Cited by 1,738 · see citing works
HDAC2 negatively regulates memory formation and synaptic plasticity
Guan, J.-S., Haggarty, S. J., Giacometti, E., Dannenberg, J.-H., Joseph, N., Gao, J., Nieland, T. J. F., Zhou, Y., Wang, X., Mazitschek, R., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07925 · Cited by 1,644 · see citing works
The stressed synapse: the impact of stress and glucocorticoids on glutamate transmission
Popoli, M., Yan, Z., McEwen, B. S., & Sanacora, G. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3138 · Cited by 1,393 · see citing works
Millan, M. J., Agid, Y., Brüne, M., Bullmore, E. T., Carter, C. S., Clayton, N. S., Connor, R., Davis, S., Deakin, B., DeRubeis, R. J., et al. (2012) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3628 · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works
Bevins, R. A., & Besheer, J. (2006) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.205 · Cited by 1,278 · see citing works
ER stress and the unfolded protein response in neurodegeneration
Hetz, C. A., & Saxena, S. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.99 · Cited by 1,006 · see citing works
Chromatin Acetylation, Memory, and LTP Are Impaired in CBP+/− Mice
Alarcón, J. M., Malleret, G., Touzani, K., Vronskaya, S., Ishii, S., Kandel, E. R., & Barco, A. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.05.021 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
An epigenetic blockade of cognitive functions in the neurodegenerating brain
Gräff, J., Rei, D., Guan, J.-S., Wang, W.-Y., Seo, J., Hennig, K. M., Nieland, T. J. F., Fass, D. M., Kao, P. F., Kahn, M., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10849 · Cited by 853 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in first-episode Major Depressive Disorder
Lee, R. S. C., Hermens, D. F., Porter, M. A., & Redoblado-Hodge, M. A. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.023 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
The organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in depressive illness
Gold, P. W. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.163 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Antidepressant Actions of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
Covington, H. E., Maze, I., LaPlant, Q. C., Vialou, V. F., Ohnishi, Y. N., Berton, O., Fass, D. M., Renthal, W., Rush, A. J., Wu, E. Y., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1758-09.2009 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Targeted Cancer Therapy: Giving Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors All They Need To Succeed
Gryder, B. E., Sodji, Q. H., & Oyelere, A. K. (2012) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc.12.3 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
BI-1 Regulates an Apoptosis Pathway Linked to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Chae, H., Kim, H., Xu, C., Bailly‐Maitre, B., Krajewska, M., Krajewski, S., Banares, S., Cui, J., Digicaylioglu, M. H., Ning, K., et al. (2004) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.06.038 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Corticosteroids Operate as a Switch between Memory Systems
Schwabe, L., Schächinger, H., de Kloet, E. R., & Oitzl, M. S. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21278 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Monoaminergic system and depression
Perez-Caballero, L., Torres-Sánchez, S., Romero-López-Alberca, C., González-Saiz, F., Micó, J., & Berrocoso, E. (2019) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-018-2978-8 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Shiraishi, H., Okamoto, H., Yoshimura, A., & Yoshida, H. (2006) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.03160 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Deficiencies of the T and natural killer cell system in major depressive disorder
Grosse, L., Hoogenboezem, T., Ambrée, O., Bellingrath, S., Jörgens, S., de Wit, H. J., Wijkhuijs, A. J. M., Arolt, V., & Drexhage, H. A. (2015) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.12.003 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Zhang, T., Keown, C. L., Wen, X., Li, J., Vousden, D. A., Anacker, C., Bhattacharyya, U., Ryan, R., Diorio, J. C., O’Toole, N., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02748-x · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Li, Y.-F. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107494 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Novel Aspects of Glucocorticoid Actions
Uchôa, E. T., Aguilera, G., Herman, J. P., Fiedler, J. L., Deak, T., & de Sousa, M. B. C. (2014) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12157 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Does Fluoxetine Have Any Effect on the Cognition of Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment?
Mowla, A., Mosavinasab, M., & Pani, A. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31802e0002 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Gold, P. W., Licinio, J., & Pavlatou, M. G. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.167 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Stress-induced epigenetic transcriptional memory of acetylcholinesterase by HDAC4
Sailaja, B. S., Cohen-Carmon, D., Zimmerman, G., Soreq, H., & Meshorer, E. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1209990110 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Levkovitz, Y., Caftori, R., Avital, A., & Richter-Levin, G. (2002) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00780-8 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Benoit, J. D., RAKIC, P. T., & Frick, K. M. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.001 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Athira, K. V., Bandopadhyay, S., Samudrala, P. K., Naidu, V. G. M., Lahkar, M., & Chakravarty, S. (2019) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x17666191001142934 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationMoserova, I. K., & Králová, J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032972 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Prospects for the development of epigenetic drugs for CNS conditions
Szyf, M. (2015) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4580 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Luteolin Shows an Antidepressant-Like Effect via Suppressing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Ishisaka, M., Kakefuda, K., Yamauchi, M., Tsuruma, K., Shimazawa, M., Tsuruta, A., & Hara, H. (2011) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.34.1481 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Hood, K. N., Zhao, J., Redell, J. B., Hylin, M. J., Harris, B., Perez, A., Moore, A. N., & Dash, P. K. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1756-17.2018 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Hayashi, T. (2015) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12262 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Endoplasmic reticulum protein BI-1 regulates Ca2+-mediated bioenergetics to promote autophagyPreprint
Sano, R., Hou, Y.-C., Hedvat, M., Correa, R. G., Shu, C., Krajewska, M., Diaz, P. W., Tamble, C. M., Quarato, G., Gottlieb, R. A., et al. (2012) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.184325.111 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Athira, K. V., Madhana, R. M., Indu Chandran, J. S., Lahkar, M., Sinha, S., & Naidu, V. G. M. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.009 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationHippocampal ER Stress and Learning Deficits Following Repeated Pyrethroid Exposure
Hossain, M. M., DiCicco-Bloom, E. M., & Richardson, J. R. (2014) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfu226 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Liu, W., Zhou, Y., Ma, C., Li, S., & Cong, B. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.014 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and antidepressants effects
Planchez, B., Surget, A., & Belzung, C. (2020) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2019.11.009 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Schmauss, C. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep08171 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Jangra, A., Dwivedi, S., Sriram, C. S., Gurjar, S. S., Kwatra, M., Sulakhiya, K., Baruah, C. C., & Lahkar, M. (2015) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.047 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationSingh, P., & Thakur, M. K. (2014) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-014-9504-5 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Nonclinical Safety Assessment of the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Vorinostat
Kerr, J. S., Galloway, S. M., Lagrutta, A., Armstrong, M. J., Miller, T., Richon, V. M., & Andrews, P. A. (2009) · International Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1177/1091581809352111 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Timberlake, M. A., & Dwivedi, Y. (2016) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2015.00319 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Chronic Fluoxetine Increases Extra-Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Adult Mice
Sachs, B. D., & Caron, M. G. (2014) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyu029 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Pratap, J., Akech, J., Wixted, J. J., Szabo, G., Hussain, S., McGee‐Lawrence, M. E., Li, X., Bedard, K., Dhillon, R. J., van Wijnen, A. J., et al. (2010) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0572 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Wyrwoll, C. S., Keith, M., Noble, J., Stevenson, P. L., Bombail, V., Crombie, S., Evans, L. C., Bailey, M. A., Wood, E. R., Seckl, J. R., et al. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.05.003 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Atluri, V. S. R., Pilakka‐Kanthikeel, S., Samikkannu, T., Sagar, V., Kurapati, K. R. V., Saxena, S. K., Yndart, A., Raymond, A., Ding, H., Hernandez, O., et al. (2014) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/1756-6606-7-37 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Darcet, F., Gardier, A. M., David, D. J. P., & Guilloux, J. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.055 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Proteomic analysis of rat cortical neurons after fluoxetine treatment
Cecconi, D., Mion, S., Astner, H., Domenici, E., Righetti, P. G., & Carboni, L. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.008 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ramos-López, O., Riezu‐Boj, J. I., Milagro, F. I., Moreno-Aliaga, M. J., Martínez, J. A., & project MENA (2018) · Adipocyte · doi:10.1080/21623945.2018.1447731 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Ramos-López, O., Riezu‐Boj, J. I., Milagro, F. I., & Martínez, J. A. (2017) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.11.011 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lee, H.-Y., Lee, G., Marahatta, A., Lin, S., Lee, M. R., Jang, K. Y., Kim, K., Lee, H. J., Lee, J., Bagalkot, T. R., et al. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep03398 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chronic fluoxetine dissociates contextual from auditory fear memory
Sanders, J., & Mayford, M. R. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.057 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Restraint-Induced Expression of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related Genes in the Mouse Brain
Ishisaka, M., Kudo, T., Shimazawa, M., Kakefuda, K., Oyagi, A., Hyakkoku, K., Tsuruma, K., & Hara, H. (2011) · Pharmacology & Pharmacy · doi:10.4236/pp.2011.21002 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mimori, S., Hosoi, T., Kaneko, M., Ozawa, K., Kanzaki, T., Nishi, A., & Nomura, Y. (2017) · J of Health Science · doi:10.17265/2328-7136/2017.01.002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stimuli-responsive In situ gelling system for nose-to-brain drug delivery
Agrawal, M., Saraf, S., Saraf, S., Dubey, S. K., Puri, A., Gupta, U. D., Kesharwani, P., Ravichandiran, V., Kumar, P., Naidu, V. G. M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.044 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationYuan, M., Yang, B., Rothschild, G., Mann, J. J., Sanford, L. D., Tang, X., Huang, C., Wang, C., & Zhang, W. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01519-z · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Dysfunctional serotonergic neuron-astrocyte signaling in depressive-like states
González-Arias, C., Sánchez-Ruiz, A., Esparza, J., Sánchez‐Puelles, C., Arancibia, L., Ramírez‐Franco, J., Gobbo, D., Kirchhoff, F., & Perea, G. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02269-8 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Repurposing Vorinostat for the Treatment of Disorders Affecting Brain
Athira, K. V., Sadanandan, P., & Chakravarty, S. (2021) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-021-08660-4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Epigenetic Targeting of Histone Deacetylases in Diagnostics and Treatment of Depression
Park, H., Kim, J., Ahn, S. H., & Ryu, H. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22105398 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Song, L., Wu, X., Wang, J., Guan, Y., Zhang, Y., Gong, M., Wang, Y., & Li, B. (2021) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Varghese, S. M., Patel, S., Nandan, A., Jose, A., Ghosh, S., Sah, R. K., Menon, B., Athira, K. V., & Chakravarty, S. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04205-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Shoji, H., Maeda, Y., & Miyakawa, T. (2024) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-024-01146-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Wang, H., Wang, X., Wang, H., Shao, S.-J., & Zhu, J. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252011245 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
HDAC inhibitor attenuates rat traumatic brain injury induced neurological impairments
Lu, Y., Chen, Y., Xu, S., Wei, L., Zhang, Y., Chen, W., Liu, M., & Zhong, C. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18485 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Athira, K. V., Wahul, A. B., Soren, K., Das, T., Dey, S. K., Samudrala, P. K., Kumar, A., Lahkar, M., & Chakravarty, S. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105083 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationEpigenetic changes caused by early life stress in the pathogenesis of depression
Bi, H., Jin, J., Sun, M., Chen, M., Li, X., & Wang, Y. (2025) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177671 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Xue, C., He, Z., Zeng, M., Wang, Z., Chen, Q., Qin, F., Lau, L., Yang, Y., Ye, H., & Chen, J. (2025) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2025.105851 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Epigenetics 2.0: Special Issue on EpigeneticsCall for Papers
Conway, S. J., Arimondo, P. B., Arrowsmith, C. H., Jin, J. J., Luo, C., Meanwell, N. A., Young, W. B., Georg, G. I., & Wang, S. (2020) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01748 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shi, Z., Cheng, X., Zhang, C., Hu, J., He, X., Chen, S., Wu, H., Tian, M., Yan, C., & He, L. (2026) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2026.117216
- Authors
- K V, A., Madhana, R. M., Bais, A. K., Singh, V. B., Malik, A., Sinha, S., Lahkar, M., Kumar, P., & Samudrala, P. K.
- Affiliations
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Mirza, Kamrup, 781125 Assam, India
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (IN)
- Gauhati Medical College and Hospital (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Samudrala, Pavan Kumar
- ORCID
- Venue
- ACS Chemical Neuroscience
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2020-07-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 2649-2657
- ISSN
- 1948-7193 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3042275159
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 1.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- ACS Chemical Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Ministry of Chemicals ands Fertilizers, Govt of India
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Research
- Keywords
- vorinostat, chronic stress, corticosterone, endoplasmic reticulum stress, histone deacetylase inhibitors, drug repurposing, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, hippocampus, CHOP, caspase-12, m-calpain, Bax inhibitor-1, HDAC2, CA3, fluoxetine, neuroprotection
- MeSH terms
- Vorinostat, Animals, Cognition, Corticosterone, Fluoxetine, Hippocampus, Mice, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
