Super-Hydrophilic Leaflike Sn4P3 on the Porous Seamless Graphene–Carbon Nanotube Heterostructure as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Solar-Driven Overall Water Splitting
Abstract
Water splitting using renewable energy resources is an economic and green approach that is immensely enviable for the production of high-purity hydrogen fuel to resolve the currently alarming energy and environmental crisis. One of the effective routes to produce green fuel with the help of an integrated solar system is to develop a cost-effective, robust, and bifunctional electrocatalyst by complete water splitting. Herein, we report a superhydrophilic layered leaflike Sn 4 P 3 on a graphene–carbon nanotube matrix which shows outstanding electrochemical performance in terms of low overpotential (hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), 62 mV@10 mA/cm 2, and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), 169 mV@20 mA/cm 2 ). The outstanding stability of HER at least for 15 days at a high applied current density of 400 mA/cm 2 with a minimum loss of potential (1%) in acid medium infers its potential compatibility toward the industrial sector. Theoretical calculations indicate that the decoration of Sn 4 P 3 on carbon nanotubes modulates the electronic structure by creating a higher density of state near Fermi energy. The catalyst also reveals an admirable overall water splitting performance by generating a low cell voltage of 1.482 V@10 mA/cm 2 with a stability of at least 65 h without obvious degradation of potential in 1 M KOH. It exhibited unassisted solar energy-driven water splitting when coupled with a silicon solar cell by extracting a high stable photocurrent density of 8.89 mA/cm 2 at least for 90 h with 100% retention that demonstrates a high solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of ∼10.82%. The catalyst unveils a footprint for pure renewable fuel production toward carbon-free future green energy innovation.
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Graphene-CNTs-Sn3P4 catalyst on Ni-graphene-CNTs matrix has micro-flower structures that make the electrode superhydrophilic, allowing water droplets to be quickly absorbed and conducive to rapid bubble desorption and electrolyte replenishment.
“Riyajuddin et al. [82] further synthesized graphene-CNTs–Sn3P4 catalyst on the same Ni-graphene-CNTs matrix by hydrothermal method. This catalyst exhibits micro-flower structures, which makes the electrode superhydrophilic. Water droplets can be quickly absorbed into the electrode, which is conducive to the rapid desorption of bubbles and the replenishment of electrolytes (Fig. 11e).”
From Advances in Surface/Interface Engineering of Under-Water Superaerophobic Electrodes for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Manipulating of Bubbles (2026) · cites this paper as [82]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Riyajuddin, S., Pahuja, M., Sachdeva, P. K., Azmi, K., Kumar, S., Afshan, M., Ali, F., Sultana, J., Maruyama, T., Bera, C., & Ghosh, K.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (IN)
- Meijo University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Ghosh, Kaushik
- ORCID
- Venue
- ACS Nano
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2022-02-21
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 4861-4875
- ISSN
- 1936-0851 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-086X
- OpenAlex
- W4213132418
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 12
- FWCI
- 3.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- ACS Nano (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB-EEQ/2016/000499)
- Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (DST/INT/JSPS/P-311/2020, SR-/NM/NS-91/2016)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
- Keywords
- Sn4P3, bifunctional electrocatalysts, overall water splitting, hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, solar water splitting, silicon solar cells, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, electrocatalyst stability
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