Physiochemical Properties of Biochar and Activated Carbon from Biomass Residue: Influence of Process Conditions to Adsorbent Properties

Gale, Mark; Nguyen, Tu; Moreno, Marissa; Gilliard-AbdulAziz, Kandis Leslie

doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c00530

Cited by 210Thermochemical Biomass Conversion ProcessesAdsorption and biosorption for pollutant removalCarbon Dioxide Capture Technologies

Physiochemical Properties of Biochar and Activated Carbon from Biomass Residue: Influence of Process Conditions to Adsorbent Properties

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Gale, Mark, Nguyen, Tu, Moreno, Marissa, Gilliard-AbdulAziz, Kandis Leslie·2021·ACS Omega

DOI 10.1021/acsomega.1c00530PMC PMC8153675

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Abstract

This study evaluates the influence of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) or slow pyrolysis (SP) process conditions on the physicochemical properties of precursor biochars and activated carbon (AC). The AC is achieved through a direct or a two-step method with subsequent chemical activation using KOH. A theory is developed on the biochar propensity to be chemically activated based on the lignocellulosic structure composition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy elemental analysis shows that the O/C ratio decreases after chemical activation for HTC biochar but remains the same for SP biochar. X-ray powder diffraction indicates that the SP biochar and all ACs have broad amorphous carbon peaks, whereas corn stover and the HTC biochar have distinct cellulosic crystalline peaks. Vanillin adsorbent experiments were performed on various ACs with up to 98% reduction shown. The best adsorbent for vanillin was the AC produced directly from corn stover, followed by AC HTC and then AC SP.

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Moderate-temperature thermal-only activation avoiding reactive gases, chemicals, and water remains underexplored.
“however, moderate-temperature thermalonly activation avoiding reactive gases, chemicals, and water remains underexplored and is the focus of this work.”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [48]
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes slow pyrolysis as a thermal method and distinguishes it from activation using oxidizing gases or chemicals. Materials and Methods (Slow Pyrolysis; page unavailable) describes heating corn stover under nitrogen without added water or activating chemicals. The paper does not establish that moderate-temperature thermal-only activation is underexplored; it describes its thermal-only step as pyrolysis, not activation. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Electrochemical fabrication of polypyrrole/hazelnut shells modified carbon nanocomposite sorbent for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography
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Utilizing Coconut Biochar as a Bio‐reinforcing Agent in Natural Rubber Composites
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Multifunctional Magnetic Biochar Nanocomposite for Sustainable Water Treatment, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Biocompatibility Investigations
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Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study of Cationic Dye Removal Using Activated Biochar Synthesized from Prosopis juliflora Waste
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A strategic approach towards the synthesis of jackfruit peel-based activated carbon: assessment of different activating agents and operating conditions
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“In this regard, numerous studies have been reported such as Gale et al. [13] , synthesized Potassium hydroxide-modified activated carbon derived from corn stover using hydrothermal carbonization and slow pyrolysis for the adsorption of vanillin.”
Comparative study of biochar and charcoal and their application in the construction industry
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“Biochar is a stable form of carbon that lasts longer than biomass and can be produced from various types of biomass waste, including agricultural waste, furniture waste, kitchen trash, industrial sludge, manure waste, and municipal solid waste (Gale et al., 2021; Khalid et al., 2018).”
Adsorptive Removal of Lead (II) Pollutants from Wastewater Using Corncob-Activated Carbon
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Optimization of organic dye adsorption using activated sugarcane bagasse-derived biosorbent: a combined experimental, Response Surface Methodology, and Machine Learning Approach
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Hydrochar from Sotol bagasse for groundwater remediation of arsenic and fluoride contaminants
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"Theory of Pore Conflation" and "Shubhjyot's equation" in the treatment of Brilliant green dye-contaminated water using Jamun leaves biochar
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“39° peak, along with the peaks at 43 ° 47 ° and 48 ° suggests the presence of crystalline phases, potentially calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or other mineral compounds (Gale et al. 2021).”
High Surface Area Microporous Activated Carbon from Corn Fiber Using Graphene Oxide-Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization
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Investigation on the potential of eco-friendly bio-char for amendment in serpentine soils and immobilization of heavy metals contaminants: a review
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Comparative study between activated carbon and biochar for phenol removal from aqueous solution
Elbidi, M., Hewas, A. M., Asar, R., & Salleh, M. (2021) · BioResources · doi:10.15376/biores.16.4.6781-6790 · Cited by 7
“In general, it has been observed that the average pore size increased when the temperature increased (Gale et al. 2021).”
Background
Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Some Key Tropical Sawdust Woods for Energy Production
Kaoke, D. F., Brech, Y. L., Talla, E., Dufour, A., & Kouotou, P. M. (2024) · Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems · doi:10.4236/jsbs.2024.141001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Sustainable nitrogen-self-doped coffee ground-derived activated carbon for efficient adsorption of short- and long-chain PFAS: Mechanistic insights and practical applications
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Metal-Free Himalayan Cone-Derived Activated Carbon with a Competitive Catalytic Performance for a CO2-Assisted Soft Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene to Styrene
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Magnetically separable sorbent based on activated carbon derived from a new precursor Rhizoclonium hookeri for facile oil spill clean-up
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Systematic review of alternative materials that improve retention of potentially toxic metals in soil/clay liners in waste disposal areas
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Differential evolution-based optimization of corn stalks black liquor decolorization using active carbon and TiO2/UV
Nechita, M. T., Suditu, G. D., Puițel, A. C., & Drăgoi, E.-N. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98006-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Enhancement of the electrochemical response of a V2O5 integrated biochar@poly(aniline–pyrrole) hybrid composite-coated graphite electrode
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Efficient removal of Lambda-cyhalothrin from simulated water using Co-composted-biochar: A modern day substituent of conventional bioadsorbent
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Kinetics of pyrolysis of de-oiled neem seeds (Azadirachta indica)
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Valorization of Indonesian Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Stem Waste into Activated Carbon for Efficient Antibiotic Removal from Aqueous Media
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A sustainable approach to waste treatment: Activated hydrochars for catalytic wet air oxidation of hydrothermal carbonisation effluent
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Synthesis of activated carbons from tomato, pepper, and eggplant residues for water purification: Insights from kinetic and thermodynamic analyses
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Closed-Loop Valorization of Annatto Seed Waste into Biochar: A Sustainable Platform for Phosphorus Adsorption and Safe Nutrient Recycling in Agro-Industries
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Upcycling Wine Industry Waste: Dealcoholized Grape Pomace as a Platform for Bio-Based Material Innovation
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Design of nickel oxide nanoclusters on nano-graphitized coil sheets derived from Sapindus mukorossi for high-performance supercapacitor applications
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Authors: Gale, M., Nguyen, T., Moreno, M., & Gilliard-AbdulAziz, K. L.
Affiliations: University of California, Riverside (US)
Riverside City College (US)
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, UC, Riverside, 446 Winston Chung Hall, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92507, United States
ORCID: Gale, Mark
Nguyen, Tu
Gilliard-AbdulAziz, Kandis Leslie
Venue: ACS Omega
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2021-04-07
Volume: 6
Issue: 15
Pages: 10224-10233
ISSN: 2470-1343 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00530
PMC: PMC8153675
OpenAlex: W3143052875
Cited by: 210
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 80 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 4
FWCI: 5.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: ACS Omega (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: University of California, Riverside
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies
Keywords: biochar, activated carbon, hydrothermal carbonization, slow pyrolysis, chemical activation, KOH activation, lignocellulosic biomass, corn stover, adsorbent properties, processing conditions, O/C ratio, amorphous carbon

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Physiochemical Properties of Biochar and Activated Carbon from Biomass Residue: Influence of Process Conditions to Adsorbent Properties

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