Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: A summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering
Abstract
Abstract Hydrothermal carbonization can be defined as combined dehydration and decarboxy lation of a fuel to raise its carbon content with the aim of achieving a higher calorific value. It is realized by applying elevated temperatures (180–220°C) to biomass in a suspension with water under saturated pressure for several hours. With this conversion process, a lignite‐like, easy to handle fuel with well‐defined properties can be created from biomass residues, even with high moisture content. Thus it may contribute to a wider application of biomass for energetic purposes. Although hydrothermal carbonization has been known for nearly a century, it has received little attention in current biomass conversion research. This review summarizes knowledge about the chemical nature of this process from a process design point of view. Reaction mechanisms of hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation, aromatization, and condensation polymerization are discussed and evaluated to describe important operational parameters qualitatively. The results are used to derive fundamental process design improvements. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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HTL oils from biomass generally have higher heating values (around 30-36 MJ/kg) and lower oxygen content compared to pyrolysis oils, though alkane concentrations vary with feedstock and conditions.
“HTL oils from biomass generally feature higher heating values (around 30-36 MJ/kg) and lower oxygen content compared to pyrolysis oils, though detailed alkane concentrations vary with feedstock and conditions [377,378].”
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Under alkaline conditions, organic acids increase, sugars decrease, and high pH results in higher H/C ratio of hydrochar.
“However, under alkaline conditions, organic acids increased, while sugars decreased, and high pH resulted in a higher H/C ratio of the hydrochar (Funke and Ziegler 2010).”
From Review of organic and inorganic pollutants removal by biochar and biochar-based composites (2021) · cites this paper as Funke and Ziegler 2010
Cellulose and lignin significantly decompose under hydrothermal conditions above approximately 200 °C.
“the cellulose and lignin significantly decomposes under hydrothermal conditions above approximately 200 ° C [57, 58].”
From Preparation of Microporous Carbon from <i>Sargassum horneri</i> by Hydrothermal Carbonization and KOH Activation for CO<sub>2</sub> Capture (2018) · cites this paper as [58]
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Evaluation of Arrhenius-type overall kinetic equations for hydrothermal carbonization
Jung, D., & Kruse, A. (2017) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2017.07.023 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Enthalpy change during hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: A critical review
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- Authors
- Funke, A., & Ziegler, F.
- Affiliations
- Technische Universität Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Funke, Axel
- Venue
- Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 160-177
- ISSN
- 1932-1031 (ISSN-L)
- 1932-104X
- OpenAlex
- W2153500382
- Cited by
- 2,001
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 146 · 2025: 196 · 2024: 182 · 2023: 165 · 2022: 199 · 2021: 209 · 2020: 183 · 2019: 147 · 2018: 122 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 20.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Mining and Gasification Technologies
- Keywords
- hydrothermal carbonization, biomass conversion, reaction mechanism, dehydration, decarboxylation, hydrolysis, aromatization, polycondensation, process design, biomass residues, calorific value
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