Metal–Organic Framework-Based Materials for Wastewater Treatment: Superior Adsorbent Materials for the Removal of Hazardous Pollutants
Open accessAbstract
In previous years, different pollutants, for example, organic dyes, antibiotics, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural pollutants, have been of note to the water enterprise due to their insufficient reduction during standard water and wastewater processing methods. MOFs have been found to have potential toward wastewater management. This Review focused on the synthesis process (such as traditional, electrochemical, microwave, sonochemical, mechanochemical, and continuous-flow spray-drying method) of MOF materials. Moreover, the properties of the MOF materials have been discussed in detail. Further, MOF materials' applications for wastewater treatment (such as the removal of antibiotics, organic dyes, heavy metal ions, and agricultural waste) have been discussed. Additionally, we have compared the performances of some typical MOFs-based materials with those of other commonly used materials. Finally, the study's current challenges, future prospects, and outlook have been highlighted.
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Regeneration efficiency varies widely among MOF frameworks, and large-scale production still requires substantial solvent and energy input, raising sustainability concerns.
“In addition, regeneration efficiency varies widely among frameworks, and large-scale production still requires substantial solvent and energy input, raising sustainability concerns.225–229”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [227]
The Synthesis section (page unavailable) anticipates economic and ecological concerns with large-scale MOF preparation, and the Conclusion and Future Prospects section identifies reusability and regeneration as challenges. The paper does not establish that regeneration efficiency varies widely among frameworks or that large-scale production necessarily requires substantial solvent and energy input. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFine MOF powders, though effective in batch adsorption, are unsuitable for continuous-flow systems due to high pressure drops and potential material loss.
“Fine MOF powders, though effective in batch adsorption, are unsuitable for continuous-flow systems due to high pressure drops and potential material loss.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [227]
The Conventional Method section (page unavailable) says traditional MOF synthesis yields fine powder with limited commercial applicability, and the Challenge to Wastewater Treatment section describes MOFs as effective adsorbents. The copy does not establish that fine powders are unsuitable specifically for continuous-flow adsorption because of high pressure drops or material loss; searches for those terms found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEthylenediamine-functionalized Zr-based MOFs achieved adsorption capacities up to 243.9 mg g−1 for Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+, while polypyrrole/aluminum fumarate MOF composites demonstrated nearly complete Pb2+ removal across a broad pH range.
“Several pilot-scale studies highlight their potential: ethylenediamine-functionalized Zr-based MOFs achieved adsorption capacities up to 243.9 mg g−1 for Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+, while polypyrrole/aluminum fumarate MOF composites demonstrated nearly complete Pb2+ removal across a broad pH range.174,225,227”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [227]
The Removal of Heavy Metals section (page unavailable) reports capacities of 243.90, 208.33, and 217.39 mg/g for Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Cd²⁺, respectively, using an ethylenediamine-functionalized Zr-based MOF. It also reports nearly 100% Pb removal by a polypyrrole/aluminum fumarate-MOF composite at pH 3–7. The section does not establish that these were pilot-scale studies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMOF-based nanocomposites are promising next-generation adsorbents for water treatment.
“These findings underscore MOF-based nanocomposites as promising next-generation adsorbents for water treatment.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [227]
Formulating MOFs into pellets, granules, or membranes often reduces accessible active sites.
“Thus, MOFs must be formulated into pellets, granules, or membranes, but these processes often reduce accessible active sites.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [227]
The Adsorptive Properties section discusses shaping MOFs and how morphology affects adsorption, but does not say that making pellets, granules, or membranes often reduces accessible active sites. Searches for those forms and for blocked or less-accessible sites found no passage addressing that claimed effect; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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Hussein, E. B., Rasheed, F. A., Mohammed, A. S., & Kayani, K. F. (2025) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d5ra06914a · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“174,212,225,227 7.7 Layered double hydroxide-based adsorbents Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are two-dimensional anionic clays composed of positively charged brucite-like layers of divalent and trivalent metal cations, intercalated with water molecules and exchangeable anions.”
Influential
- Authors
- Kaur, H., Devi, N., Siwal, S. S., Alsanie, W. F., Thakur, M. K., & Thakur, V. K.
- Affiliations
- Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana (IN)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Taif University (SA)
- Himachal Pradesh University (IN)
- Chandigarh University (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Siwal, Samarjeet Singh
- Thakur, Vijay Kumar
- Venue
- ACS Omega
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2023-02-28
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 9004-9030
- ISSN
- 2470-1343 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10018528
- OpenAlex
- W4322626986
- Cited by
- 273
- References
- 208
- Citations by year
- 2026: 101 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 14
- FWCI
- 4.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- ACS Omega (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- UK Research and Innovation (EP/T024607/1)
- Scottish Funding Council
- Taif University (TURSP-HC2023/5)
- Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Keywords
- metal-organic frameworks, wastewater treatment, adsorbents, antibiotic removal, organic dye removal, heavy metal ion removal, pharmaceutical pollutants, agricultural contaminants, MOF synthesis methods, microwave-assisted synthesis, sonochemical synthesis, mechanochemical synthesis, spray drying
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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