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Wearable Chemical Sensors: Present Challenges and Future Prospects
Abstract
Wearable sensors have received considerable interest over the past decade owing to their tremendous promise for monitoring the wearers’ health, fitness, and their surroundings. However, only limited attention has been directed at developing wearable chemical sensors that offer more comprehensive information about a wearer’s well-being. The development of wearable chemical sensors faces multiple challenges on various fronts. This perspective reviews key challenges and technological gaps impeding the successful realization of effective wearable chemical sensor systems, related to materials, power, analytical procedure, communication, data acquisition, processing, and security. Size, rigidity, and operational requirements of present chemical sensors are incompatible with wearable technology. Sensor stability and on-body sensor surface regeneration constitute key analytical challenges. Similarly, present wearable power sources are incapable of meeting the requirements for wearable electronics owing to their low energy densities and slow recharging. Several energy-harvesting methodologies have inherent issues, including inconsistent power supply and limited stability. There are also major challenges pertaining to handling and securing the big data generated by wearable sensors. These include achieving high data transfer rates and efficient data mining. Efforts must also be made toward developing next generation cryptologic algorithms for ensuring data security and user privacy. The challenges facing the field of wearable chemical sensors, and wearable sensors, in general, can thus be addressed only by a multidisciplinary approach where researchers from diverse fields work in unison. The article discusses these challenges and their potential solutions along with future prospects.
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“Wearable biosensors face many fundamental challenges and technological gaps related to the scope, validation, stability and accuracy, along with power (Box 1)1,42,157-167, communication (Box 2)1,168 and security/privacy issues (Box 3)1,169-172”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Researchers have focused on a combination approaches that involve the development of both the power sources and the design of more energy-efficient devices and adaptive algorithms to decrease energy demands.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
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“The emergence of IC fabrication strategies, flexible electronics, device design, and e-garments has revolutionized the development of soft electronics and biological and chemical sensor technologies toward advancing sports medicine.123–127”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [123]
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Bak, S.-Y., Lee, S.-H., Jang, H., Kim, M., Kim, S., & Yi, M. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25123622 · Cited by 5
Wearable Self‐Powered Biosensor for Continuous Lactate Monitoring in Sweat
Shitanda, I., Samori, T., Satake, M., Loew, N., Motosuke, M., Mukaimoto, T., Yanagita, S., Suzuki, T., Mikawa, T., Tsujimura, S., et al. (2025) · ChemElectroChem · doi:10.1002/celc.202500222 · Cited by 5
The role of AI in the advancement of 2D materials for biosensing and nanoelectronics
Din, S. U., Peng, C. U., Shereen, M. K., Shah, S., xianlong, L., Ashurov, M., Ren, Z., & Liang, J. (2025) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d5ta07976d · Cited by 6
Wearable Breath Gas Sensors for Chronic Disease Management: Challenges and Perspectives
Gu, Y., & Liu, G. (2026) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.70999 · Cited by 6
“Various novel sensing materials, sensing mechanisms, breakthrough fabrications, power sources, and wearable sensors for breath biomarkers have been thoroughly summarized in previous reviews [ 22–28 ].”
Huang, P.-F., Chen, C., Lin, H., Wang, I.-C., & Hsu, C.-H. (2021) · Mathematical Problems in Engineering · doi:10.1155/2021/4130972 · Cited by 5
“0 technology to develop sports apps that are suitable for the elderly (Table 1), hoping to promote a sports culture and enter the market of sports and health for the elderly using the concepts of exercise at any time and real-time self-monitoring [26].”
BackgroundOptical Fibers in the Design and Fabrication of Smart Garments – a Review
Raji, R. K., Qin, L., Ning, L., & Liu, H. (2022) · Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0015.6458 · Cited by 7
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Transient thermomechanical analysis of epidermal electronic devices on human skin
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Systematic Literature Review on the Advances of Wearable Technologies
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Investigating the Effect of Substrate Materials on Wearable Immunoassay Performance
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Bio‐Inspired Self‐Healable Materials
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Nanomaterials for soft wearable electronics
Liu, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822425-0.00076-2 · Cited by 5
Biodegradable Sensors for Healthcare: Materials and Technologies
Sana, P. A., Thanha, K. P. K., & Pramod, K. (2025) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1002/apj.70094 · Cited by 5
HEMT-Based Wearable Biosensors for Noninvasive Health Monitoring and AI-Driven Diagnostics: A Review
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“To address this, biosensors have emerged as a promising solution, o ff ering real-time monitoring, disease detection, and enhancing the treatment e ff ect [1], [2], [3], [4].”
Perumal, K., Sreeja, B. S., Sulthana, S. F., Rajesh, A., & Amirtharajan, R. (2026) · Microfluidics and Nanofluidics · doi:10.1007/s10404-025-02865-w · Cited by 4
“The development of wearable chemical sweat sensors has not only been enormous but also full of hurdles and outstanding issues, such as their ability to function under long-term use, stability, and sensitivity as to the presence of different chemicals in sweat (Bandodkar et al. 2016).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Bandodkar, A. J., Jeerapan, I., & Wang, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Joseph
- Venue
- ACS Sensors
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2016-05-11
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 464-482
- ISSN
- 2379-3694 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2346517120
- Semantic Scholar
- 0a2ab0ac9bd399ade5d2539455300284ffb7c989
- Cited by
- 778
- References
- 249
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 16
- FWCI
- 41.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACS Sensors (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
- Keywords
- wearable sensors, health monitoring, sensor materials, wearable power sources, energy harvesting, sensor stability, data security, user privacy, data acquisition and processing, data rate
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