Ranking of Heterogeneous Catalysts Metals by Their Greenness
Abstract
Catalysis is a very important process in industry and laboratory practices, especially from the point of green chemistry principles. However, the eco-friendly character of heterogeneous catalysts containing transition-metal components has not yet been evaluated. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive assessment of 18 heterogeneous metal catalysts (Pd, Pt, V, Co, Ni, Mo, Ru, Mn, Au, Cu, Cd, Zr, Fe, Rh, Ir, Sn, Zn, Ag) using a multicriteria decision analysis approach. The ranking of alternatives according to relevant criteria, such as the toxicity of pure metals and metal salts toward fish, Daphnia magna, and algae/plants, metal toxicity toward rats via ingestion, carcinogenicity, the endangerment degree of metals, the boiling point and energy for atom detachment (estimated as metal–metal bond strength in diatomic transition-metal units), and the classification of elemental impurities according to the International Conference on Harmonization, and their degree of importance are presented. Life cycle assessment (LCA)-related parameters of metals have been also included. The assessment showed ruthenium, iron, and molybdenum as the most favorable alternatives, in contrast to nickel, cobalt, and rhodium. Results of environmental evaluation strictly depend on the chosen scenario of assessment, in terms of toxicity, endangered elements, or LCA. Sensitivity analyses toward variations in input data and applied weights prove that the results are reliable. Multicriteria decision analysis can be successfully applied in metal catalyst evaluation for particular case studies of different reactions.
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Noble metals may have environmental advantages (at least for ruthenium and platinum), and some of the cost can be recouped by regeneration and recycling of spent catalysts.
“there may be environmental advantages (at least for metals such as ruthenium and platinum) (109), and some of the cost can be recouped by regeneration and recycling of the spent catalysts (110)”
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- Authors
- Bystrzanowska, M., Petkov, P., & Tobiszewski, M.
- Affiliations
- Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
- Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" (BG)
- Corresponding author
- Tobiszewski, Marek
- Venue
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2019-10-28
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 18434-18443
- ISSN
- 2168-0485 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2982416330
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Material Selection and Properties
- Keywords
- heterogeneous catalysts, transition metals, green chemistry, multi-criteria decision making, metal toxicity, Daphnia magna, ecotoxicity, carcinogenicity, elemental impurities, life cycle assessment, ruthenium, molybdenum, iron
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