The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Chemical Annealing of Zinc Tetraphenylporphyrin Films: Effects on Film Morphology and Organic Photovoltaic Performance
Abstract
We present a chemical annealing process for organic thin films. In this process, a thin film of a molecular material, such as zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP), is exposed to a vapor of nitrogen-based ligand (e.g., pyrazine, pz, and triazine, tz), forming a film composed of the metal–ligand complex. Fast and quantitative formation of the complex leads to marked changes in the morphology and optical properties of the film. X-ray diffraction studies show that the chemical annealing process converts amorphous ZnTPP films to crystalline ZnTPP·ligand films, whose porphryin planes lie nearly parallel to the substrate (average deviation is 8° for the ZnTPP·pz film). Organic solar cells were prepared with ZnTPP donor and C 60 acceptor layers. Devices were prepared with and without chemical annealing of the ZnTPP layer with a pyrazine ligand. The devices with chemically annealed ZnTPP donor layer show an increase in short-circuit current ( J SC ) and fill factor ( FF ) relative to analogous unannealed devices, presumably because of enhanced exciton diffusion length and improved charge conductivity. The open circuit voltages ( V OC ) of the chemically annealed devices are lower than their unannealed counterpart because of enhanced polaron pair recombination at the donor/acceptor heterojunction. A net improvement of 5–20% in efficiency has been achieved, after chemical annealing of ZnTPP films with pyrazine.
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Low Voc was obtained in chemically annealed ZnTPP OSCs due to the PP recombination rate at the D/A heterojunction.
“However, low V oc was obtained due to the PP recombination rate at the D/A heterojunction.”
From Recent progress in porphyrin-based materials for organic solar cells (2018) · cites this paper as [66]
Chemical annealing changed the ZnTPP film from amorphous to an ordered crystalline structure, leading to longer exciton diffusion length, good conductivity, and improved Jsc and FF of OSCs.
“The chemical annealing changed the ZnTPP lm from amorphous to an ordered crystalline structure which leads to a longer exciton di ff usion length, good conductivity, and an improved J sc and FF of OSCs.”
From Recent progress in porphyrin-based materials for organic solar cells (2018) · cites this paper as [66]
AFM analysis showed that ZnTPP films aggregate upon chemical annealing with nitrogen-based ligands.
“According to AFM analysis, ZnTPP lms showed the signs of aggregations upon chemical annealing with nitrogenbased ligands.”
From Recent progress in porphyrin-based materials for organic solar cells (2018) · cites this paper as [66]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Trinh, C., Whited, M. T., Steiner, A., Tassone, C. J., Toney, M. F., & Thompson, M. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thompson, Mark E.
- Venue
- Chemistry of Materials
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2012-06-26
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 2583-2591
- ISSN
- 0897-4756 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5002
- OpenAlex
- W2315435539
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chemistry of Materials (publishedVersion)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Chemistry
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Keywords
- chemical annealing, zinc tetraphenylporphyrin, organic thin films, pyrazine, triazines, metal-ligand complexes, film crystallization, film morphology, organic solar cells, C60 acceptor, exciton diffusion length, donor-acceptor heterojunction, short-circuit current, fill factor, open-circuit voltage
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