The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effect of Chlorine and Sulfur on Fine Particle Formation in Pilot-Scale CFBC of Biomass
Abstract
Behavior of chlorine and sulfur is critical on the formation of fine particles (here particles smaller than one micrometer, PM1.0) during combustion. In this investigation, we studied experimentally fine particle formation in a pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed reactor during combustion of bark and pulp and paper mill sludge. The effect of chlorine and sulfur on fine particle formation was investigated by adding HCl and SO 2 into the reactor. Fine fly ash particles were formed from alkali species that were released from the fuel to the gas phase. In low-HCl conditions, alkali species reacted readily with silicates, and therefore, a large fraction of alkalis was retained in the bottom ash. Consequently, fine particle concentrations in the flue gas were relatively low. In this case, fine particles were both alkali metal chlorides and sulfates. HCl addition increased the concentration of fine particles considerably due to gas phase reactions between alkali metal species and HCl. Alkali metal chlorides that were formed condensed producing large mass concentrations of fine alkali metal chloride particles. Due to extensive alkali metal chloride formation, significantly less alkalis reacted with silicates and ended up in the bottom ash than when HCl concentration was low. Further SO 2 addition transformed some of the chlorides into sulfates in the fine particle mode. At the same time, the total fine particle concentration decreased, possibly due to formation of coarse mixed K−Ca−sulfate ash particles.
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The results are in qualitative agreement with earlier studies in small CFB combustors.
“The results are in qualitative agreement with those of earlier studies in small CFB combustors.”
From Potassium, Chlorine, and Sulfur in Ash, Particles, Deposits, and Corrosion during Wood Combustion in a Circulating Fluidized-Bed Boiler (2007) · cites this paper as [30]
SO2 addition transformed some of the chlorides into sulfates in the fine-particle mode.
“SO2 addition transformed some of the chlorides into sulfates in the fineparticle mode.”
From Potassium, Chlorine, and Sulfur in Ash, Particles, Deposits, and Corrosion during Wood Combustion in a Circulating Fluidized-Bed Boiler (2007) · cites this paper as [30]
At low HCl concentration, a large fraction of alkali was retained in the bottom ash and the concentration of fine particles in the flue gas was relatively low.
“At low HCl concentration, a large fraction of alkali was retained in the bottom ash and the concentration of fine particles in the flue gas was relatively low.”
From Potassium, Chlorine, and Sulfur in Ash, Particles, Deposits, and Corrosion during Wood Combustion in a Circulating Fluidized-Bed Boiler (2007) · cites this paper as [30]
HCl addition increased the concentration of fine particles considerably due to gas-phase reactions.
“HCl addition increased the concentration of fine particles considerably due to gas-phase reactions.”
From Potassium, Chlorine, and Sulfur in Ash, Particles, Deposits, and Corrosion during Wood Combustion in a Circulating Fluidized-Bed Boiler (2007) · cites this paper as [30]
The oxidation of SO2 to SO3 becomes very slow at temperatures below 1085 K.
“The oxidation of SO2 to SO3 becomes very slow at temperatures below 1085 K. 30,31,34,35”
From Potassium, Chlorine, and Sulfur in Ash, Particles, Deposits, and Corrosion during Wood Combustion in a Circulating Fluidized-Bed Boiler (2007) · cites this paper as [30]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lind, T., Kauppinen, E. I., Hokkinen, J., Jokiniemi, J. K., Orjala, M., Aurela, M., & Hillamo, R.
- Affiliations
- Finnish Meteorological Institute (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Kauppinen, Esko I.
- Venue
- Energy & Fuels
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2005-10-29
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 61-68
- ISSN
- 0887-0624 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5029
- OpenAlex
- W2076337531
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Energy & Fuels (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Coal Combustion and Slurry Processing
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Coal and Its By-products
- Keywords
- fine particle formation, circulating fluidized bed combustion, biomass combustion, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, alkali metal chlorides, alkali metal sulfates, alkali-silicate reaction, bottom ash, PM1, fly ash, gas-phase condensation
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