Cited by 779Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental ImpactsEffects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

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Occurrence of Some Organic UV Filters in Wastewater, in Surface Waters, and in Fish from Swiss Lakes

Balmer, Marianne E., Buser, Hans-Rudolf, Müller, Markus D., Poiger, Thomas·2005·Environmental Science & Technology

DOI 10.1021/es040055r

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Abstract

Organic UV filters are used in personal care products such as sunscreen products, and in cosmetics, beauty creams, skin lotions, lipsticks, hair sprays, hair dyes, shampoos, and so forth. The compounds enter the aquatic environmentfrom showering, wash-off, washing (laundering), and so forth via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) ("indirect inputs") and from recreational activities such as swimming and bathing in lakes and rivers ("direct inputs"). In this study, we investigated the occurrence of four important organic UV filter compounds (benzophenone-3, BP-3; 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, 4-MBC; ethylhexyl methoxy cinnamate, EHMC; octocrylene, OC) in wastewater, and in water and fish from various Swiss lakes, using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analyses. All four UV filters were present in untreated wastewater (WWTP influent) with a maximum concentration of 19 microg L(-1) for EHMC. The data indicate a seasonal variation with influent loads higher in the warmer season (June 2002) than in the colder one (April 2002). The influent loads were in the order EHMC > 4-MBC approximately BP-3 > OC. The concentrations in treated wastewater (WWTP effluent) were considerably lower, indicating substantial elimination in the plants. 4-MBC was usually the most prevalent compound (maximum concentration, 2.7 microg L(-1)), followed by BP-3, EHMC, and OC. UV filters were also detected in Swiss midland lakes and a river (Limmat) receiving inputs from WWTPs and recreational activities. However, all concentrations were low (<2-35 ng L(-1)); no UV filters (<2 ng L(-1)) were detected in a remote mountain lake. Data from passive sampling using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) supported the presence of these UV filters in the lakes and the river and suggested some potential for accumulation of these compounds in biota. SPMD-derived water concentrations increased in the order Greifensee < Zürichsee < Hüttnersee. This order is reversed from that observed for methyl triclosan, used as a chemical marker for WWTP-derived lipophilic contaminants in the lakes. This indicated inputs of UV filters from sources other than WWTPs to the lakes during summer,for example,inputs from recreational activities. Fish (white fish, Coregonus sp.; roach, Rutilus rutilus; perch, Perca fluviatilis) from these lakes contained low but detectable concentrations of UV filters, in particular, 4-MBC (up to 166 ng g(-1) on a lipid basis). 4-MBC concentrations relative to methyl triclosan were lower in fish than in SPMDs exposed in the same lakes, suggesting that 4-MBC is less bioaccumulated than expected or metabolized in fish. The lipid-based bioconcentration factor (BCF(L)) estimated from the fish (roach) data and SPMD-derived water concentrations was about 1-2.3 x 10(4) and thus approximately 1 order of magnitude lower than expected from its Kow value.

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Vega-Garzón, L. P., Gómez-Miranda, I. N., & Peñuela, G. (2017) · Ultrasonics sonochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.10.014 · Cited by 8
Emerging Chemicals and Analytical Methods
Morley, M., Snow, D. D., Cecrle, C., Denning, P., & Miller, L. (2006) · doi:10.2175/106143006x119143 · Cited by 8
“detected at low concentrations in Swiss lakes and rivers, with concentrations ranging from <2-35 ng/L (Balmer et al., 2005).”
Background
Sunscreens in Coastal Ecosystems: Occurrence, Behavior, Effect and Risk
Kostianoy, A., de Boer, J., Garrigues, P., Gu, J.-D., Jones, K., Knepper, T., Nghiem, D., Garcia-Segura, S., Tovar-Sánchez, A., Sánchez-Quiles, D., et al. (2020) · The handbook of environmental chemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56077-5 · Cited by 8
Biochemical responses of the mussel Perna perna after exposure to environmental concentrations of the UV filter Benzophenone-3
Cruz, G. S., Moser, J. R., Saldaña‐Serrano, M., Bastolla, C. L. V., Lima, D., Gomes, C. H. A. M., de Castro, M. R., dos Santos, U. R. A., Coutinho, G. S., Mattos, J. J., et al. (2023) · Xenobiotica · doi:10.1080/00498254.2023.2233022 · Cited by 7
“Ultraviolet (UV) filters are present in sunscreens, shampoos, creams and are also photoprotective agents in textile products, paints, and plastic packaging (Balmer et al. 2005; Xue et al. 2017).”
Background
Fragrance materials affect life history parameters and gene expression in Daphnia magna: An emerging issue for freshwater ecosystems.
Bonato, T., Picone, M., Beggio, G., Vecchiato, M., Feltracco, M., Pivato, A., & Piazza, R. (2023) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138786 · Cited by 7
Unraveling the metabolic effects of benzophenone-3 on the endosymbiotic dinoflagellate Cladocopium goreaui
Zhang, K., Shen, Z., Yang, W., Guo, J., Yan, Z., Li, J., Lin, J., Cao, X., Tang, J., Liu, Z., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1116975 · Cited by 23
“As a common ultraviolet absorbent, oxybenzone (benzophenone-3, hereafter BP-3) has been an ingredient in sunscreens and other personal care products including skin creams, cosmetics, shower gels, and shampoos, for over 40 years (Balmer et al., 2005; Mao et al., 2017).”
Background
In vitro investigation of immunomodulatory activities of selected UV-filters.
Weiss, V., Gobec, M., & Jakopin, Ž. (2023) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2023.113684 · Cited by 7
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of 2-Ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate in Aquatic Animals
Lu, G., Zhou, R., Li, S., Dang, T., & Liu, J.-C. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15112395 · Cited by 7
Selective UV-filter detection with sensors based on stainless steel electrodes modified with polyaniline doped with metal tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine films.
Moreira, L. F., Lanza, M. R. D. V., Tanaka, A., & Sotomayor, M. D. P. T. (2009) · In Analysis · doi:10.1039/b902273b · Cited by 7
Substance Flow Analysis and Source Mapping of Chemical UV-filters
Eriksson, E., Andersen, H., & Ledin, A. (2008) · doi:10.1007/s11267-008-9184-8 · Cited by 7
“In WWTPs and water reclamation facilitates, the UV-filters have been found to be removed from the aqueous phase, i.e., from influent to effluent, namely, oxybenzone 28% to >99% (Balmer et al. 2005 ;L i et al.2007); 4-MBC 18% to >99% (Balmer et al. 2005 ;K upper et al.2006 ;L i et al.2007); and OMC 40% to >99% ( Balmer…”
BackgroundInfluential
Toxicity of the organic UV filter oxybenzone to the brown macroalga Hormosira banksii and the green macroalga Ulva lactuca.
Carve, M., Singh, N., Grist, S., Shimeta, J., & Nugegoda, D. (2024) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177982 · Cited by 6
Benzophenone-3 Alters Expression of Genes Encoding Vascularization and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Functions During Trp53-null Mammary Tumorigenesis
Morozova, E., Kariagina, A., Busch, C., & Schwartz, R. C. (2024) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2024.114540 · Cited by 6
Status quo on identified transformation products of organic ultraviolet filters and their persistence
Jentzsch, F., Kümmerer, K., & Olsson, O. (2023) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/ics.12908 · Cited by 7
“In this way, many UVF have been detected in aqueous matrices: lake water [6, 9, 11, 20], river water [6, 11, 20, 21], seawater (beach) [7, 14, 20– 22] or raw drinking water [12, 20].”
Background
Analysis of the effects of BP-3 and BP-4 on the transcriptome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: An RNA-Seq approach
Esperanza, M., Blanes-Rodríguez, M., Cid, Á., & Seoane, M. (2023) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-023-02946-9 · Cited by 6
“Due to their overuse, this kind of UV-filters are found in wastewater, rivers, lakes, and oceans worldwide (Balmer et al. 2005; Zhang et al. 2011; Rodil et al. 2012; Gago-Ferrero et al. 2013).”
Background
Presence of Disinfection Byproducts in Public Swimming Pools in Medellín, Colombia
Lara, P. A., Ramírez, V., Castrillón, F., & Peñuela, G. A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17134659 · Cited by 9
Toxicity and Hazards of Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Sunscreens to Aquatic Life of Quintana Roo, Mexico
Hernández-Pedraza, M., Caballero-Vázquez, J. A., Peniche-Pérez, J., Pérez-Legaspi, I. A., Casas-Beltrán, D., & Alvarado-Flores, J. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12083270 · Cited by 6
Effect of Activated Sludge on the Degradation of 2-Ethylhexyl 4-Methoxycinnamate and 2-Ethylhexyl 4-(Dimethylamino)Benzoate in Wastewater
Gackowska, A., & Studziński, W. (2020) · Water, Air and Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-020-04516-y · Cited by 6
A novel two-dimensional liquid-chromatography method for online prediction of the toxicity of transformation products of benzophenones after water chlorination
Li, J., Ma, L.-Y., Xu, L., & Shi, Z.-G. (2015) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-015-8789-9 · Cited by 6
“As a result, increased concern has focused on the potential negative effect of UV filters on humans and ecosystems [4].”
A critical approach toward resonance-assistance in the intramolecular hydrogen bond interaction of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid: a spectroscopic and computational investigation
Paul, B. K., Ghosh, N., Mondal, R., & Mukherjee, S. (2015) · Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c5pp00033e · Cited by 6
UV screening chemicals
Matouskova, K., & Vandenberg, L. N. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89773-0.00045-x · Cited by 9
Degradation of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) Using Fenton, UV Light Irradiation and Photo-Fenton
Ji, C.-M., Wang, C., Sun, J., & Yu, Y.-D. (2017) · doi:10.1051/matecconf/201710003006 · Cited by 6
Environmental Risk Assessment of Personal Care Products
Ramaswamy, B. R. (2014) · The handbook of environmental chemistry · doi:10.1007/698_2014_297 · Cited by 6
“The BCF for 4-MBC in roach, Rutilus rutilus, was calculated (9,700–23,000) ten times lower than methyltriclosan having similar log Kow (5) [55].”
BackgroundMethod
Novel transmetalated Zr-MOFs for tailoring porosity and mixed-valence nodes: Efficient removal of hazardous UV filters from wastewater
Nouroozi, S. F., & Kazemian, H. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.172292 · Cited by 5
Hidden costs of beauty: An in vitro study on the ecotoxicological impacts of ultraviolet filters and parabens on the bioindicator species Mytilus galloprovincialis
Bordalo, D., Soares, A. M. V. M., Sokolova, I. M., Pretti, C., & Freitas, R. (2025) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118403 · Cited by 5
Bacterial Cellulose as a UVB Filter to Protect the Skin Microbiota
Alarcón-Guijo, P., Garcés, V., González, A., Delgado-López, J. M., Ullah, R., Bansal, V., & Domínguez-Vera, J. (2024) · Macromolecular Bioscience · doi:10.1002/mabi.202400269 · Cited by 5
Microencapsulation of sunscreen reduces toxicity of its components to A. salina: Biochemical, behavioral and morphological studies
Schatzer, C. A. D. F., Milazzotto, M. P., Júnior, A. R. D. S., Cerchiaro, G., Bernardi, M. M., & Teodorov, E. (2024) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116586 · Cited by 5
Determination of benzophenone derivatives in wastewater by GC–MS/MS combined with in‐port derivatization
Tüzün, S. C., Karapınar, İ., Yücel, C., ERTAŞ, F. N., & Ertaş, H. (2024) · CLEAN - Soil Air Water · doi:10.1002/clen.202300145 · Cited by 4
In vitro blastocyst implantation and trophoblast migration are disrupted by the UV filter benzophenone-3 (BP3)
Abud, J. E., Pagotto, R., Galliani, V., Teglia, C. M., Culzoni, M. J., Bollati‐Fogolín, M., Zenclussen, M. L., & Rodriguez, H. A. (2024) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123840 · Cited by 6
On the photoinduced degradation of tamsulosin: the simpler the better
Soares, I. N., Ferreira, L. M. C., Assumpção, M., Brown, A., Vicentini, F. C., & de Souza, G. D. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2023.111244 · Cited by 5
Freshwater Environmental Risk Assessment of Down-the-Drain Octinoxate Emissions in the United States
Burns, E. E., Roush, K. S., Csiszar, S. A., & Davies, I. A. (2022) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5488 · Cited by 10
“Second, not all EHMC use is in down‐ the‐drain applications, for example sunscreens that are used during swimming at lakes and beaches (Balmer et al., 2005; Mitchelmore et al., 2019; O'Malley et al., 2021), which were out of scope in this assessment, but are briefly addressed in the present study.”
BackgroundResult
Analysis of UV Filters in Water using Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) and GC/MS-MS
Seo, C., Son, H., Jung, J.-M., Choi, J.-T., & Jang, S. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Science International · doi:10.5322/jesi.2014.23.6.1037 · Cited by 5
Chlorination of oxybenzone and prediction of transformation products using non-equilibrium “forced” molecular dynamics
Ridgway, H., Orbell, J., & Gray, S. (2018) · doi:10.5004/dwt.2018.22435 · Cited by 5
Biotechnologically Relevant Yeasts from Patagonian Natural Environments
Libkind, D., Moliné, M., Trochine, A., Bellora, N., & de García, V. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42801-7_18 · Cited by 5
Analytical Methodologies for the Determination of Personal Care Products in Water Samples
Chisvert, A., & Salvador, A. (2014) · The handbook of environmental chemistry · doi:10.1007/698_2014_265 · Cited by 5
UV Filters Biodegradation by Fungi, Metabolites Identification and Biological Activity Assessment
Badia-Fabregat, M., Caminal, G., Vicent, T., Blánquez, P., Gago-Ferrero, P., Olivares, A., Piña, B., Díaz-Cruz, M., & Barceló, D. (2012) · The handbook of environmental chemistry · doi:10.1007/698_2012_157 · Cited by 5
Application of reactive and partly soluble nanomaterials
Halim, S. (2008) · doi:10.3929/ethz-a-005774007 · Cited by 5
Impact of a UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) on liver metabolism in clown anemonefish: Disruption of insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism and endoplasmic reticulum function
Ju, H., Zhang, Y., Qin, Y., Liu, J., Tang, Y., Sokolova, I. M., & Diao, X. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140603 · Cited by 4
Assessing human exposure to organic UV filters through biomonitoring in South Korea
Park, N.-Y., Lee, A., Park, S., Gim, M., Moon, H., Choi, K., Park, J., Kim, S., & Kho, Y. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180258 · Cited by 7
Decentralized graywater treatment by a combination of sequencing batch reactor and advanced oxidation processes for reuse in Vietnam
Beil, S., Chabilan, A., Schuster, L., Börnick, H., Nguyen, M. T., & Stolte, S. (2025) · Water environment research · doi:10.1002/wer.70096 · Cited by 4
Reproductive toxicity and parental transmission effects of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) exposure in adult zebrafish.
Wu, X., Zhou, C.-Y., Wang, J., Cao, M.-X., Wang, L., & Liang, Y. (2025) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107334 · Cited by 4
Sunscreens in the aquatic environment and potential solutions for mitigation of sunscreen pollution
Damikouka, I., Anastasopoulou, M., & Vgenopoulou, E. (2024) · Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration · doi:10.1007/s41207-024-00655-4 · Cited by 5
“Thus, lipophilic compounds with higher log K OW coefficients like the benzophenone derivatives, oxybenzone [(logK OW , 3.8 for oxybenzone (Balmer et al. 2005; Diaz-Cruz et al. 2012), 6.0 for octinoxate, and 6.9 for octocrylene (Balmer et al. 2005) or 7.5 (Diaz-Cruz et al. 2012)], are expected to…”
Influential
UV filter benzophenone-2: Effects on zebrafish (Danio rerio) cytochrome P450.
Casiano-Muñiz, I. M., Ortiz-Román, M. I., Carmona-Negrón, J. A., & Román-Velázquez, F. R. (2024) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106973 · Cited by 4
Elevated temperature-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction based on solidification of a floating organic drop for the determination of UV filters in water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector
Ge, D.-D., Zhong, G., Zhou, X., Dai, E., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society · doi:10.1007/s13738-019-01785-1 · Cited by 4

Authors: Balmer, M. E., Buser, H.-R., Müller, M. D., & Poiger, T.
Affiliations: Agroscope (CH)
Corresponding author: Balmer, Marianne E.
ORCID: Balmer, Marianne E.
Poiger, Thomas
Venue: Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2005-01-12
Volume: 39
Issue: 4
Pages: 953-962
ISSN: 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
1520-5851
DOI: 10.1021/es040055r
OpenAlex: W2011754473
Cited by: 779
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 21.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords: organic UV filters, wastewater treatment plants, surface water contamination, fish contamination, benzophenone-3, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, octocrylene, sunscreen, seasonal variation, recreational activities, passive sampling, SPMD, methyl-triclosan, Swiss lakes, Lake Zurich
MeSH terms: Acrylates, Animals, Benzophenones, Camphor, Cinnamates, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fresh Water, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Seasons, Sunscreening Agents, Swimming, Switzerland, Triclosan, Ultraviolet Rays, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Pollutants, Chemical

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Occurrence of Some Organic UV Filters in Wastewater, in Surface Waters, and in Fish from Swiss Lakes

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