Cited by 779Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental ImpactsEffects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

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Occurrence of Some Organic UV Filters in Wastewater, in Surface Waters, and in Fish from Swiss Lakes

Balmer, Marianne E., Buser, Hans-Rudolf, Müller, Markus D., Poiger, Thomas·2005·Environmental Science & Technology

DOI 10.1021/es040055r

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Abstract

Organic UV filters are used in personal care products such as sunscreen products, and in cosmetics, beauty creams, skin lotions, lipsticks, hair sprays, hair dyes, shampoos, and so forth. The compounds enter the aquatic environmentfrom showering, wash-off, washing (laundering), and so forth via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) ("indirect inputs") and from recreational activities such as swimming and bathing in lakes and rivers ("direct inputs"). In this study, we investigated the occurrence of four important organic UV filter compounds (benzophenone-3, BP-3; 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, 4-MBC; ethylhexyl methoxy cinnamate, EHMC; octocrylene, OC) in wastewater, and in water and fish from various Swiss lakes, using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analyses. All four UV filters were present in untreated wastewater (WWTP influent) with a maximum concentration of 19 microg L(-1) for EHMC. The data indicate a seasonal variation with influent loads higher in the warmer season (June 2002) than in the colder one (April 2002). The influent loads were in the order EHMC > 4-MBC approximately BP-3 > OC. The concentrations in treated wastewater (WWTP effluent) were considerably lower, indicating substantial elimination in the plants. 4-MBC was usually the most prevalent compound (maximum concentration, 2.7 microg L(-1)), followed by BP-3, EHMC, and OC. UV filters were also detected in Swiss midland lakes and a river (Limmat) receiving inputs from WWTPs and recreational activities. However, all concentrations were low (<2-35 ng L(-1)); no UV filters (<2 ng L(-1)) were detected in a remote mountain lake. Data from passive sampling using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) supported the presence of these UV filters in the lakes and the river and suggested some potential for accumulation of these compounds in biota. SPMD-derived water concentrations increased in the order Greifensee < Zürichsee < Hüttnersee. This order is reversed from that observed for methyl triclosan, used as a chemical marker for WWTP-derived lipophilic contaminants in the lakes. This indicated inputs of UV filters from sources other than WWTPs to the lakes during summer,for example,inputs from recreational activities. Fish (white fish, Coregonus sp.; roach, Rutilus rutilus; perch, Perca fluviatilis) from these lakes contained low but detectable concentrations of UV filters, in particular, 4-MBC (up to 166 ng g(-1) on a lipid basis). 4-MBC concentrations relative to methyl triclosan were lower in fish than in SPMDs exposed in the same lakes, suggesting that 4-MBC is less bioaccumulated than expected or metabolized in fish. The lipid-based bioconcentration factor (BCF(L)) estimated from the fish (roach) data and SPMD-derived water concentrations was about 1-2.3 x 10(4) and thus approximately 1 order of magnitude lower than expected from its Kow value.

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Emerging Contaminants in Raw and Cooked Marine Mussels: The QuEChERS Approach Combined With High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Vianna, J. G., Benedetti, B., Carro, M. D., & Magi, E. (2026) · Journal of Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/jms.70047
“An exhaustive multivariate optimisation had been carried out to maximise recovery and minimize ion suppression by using spiked Adamussium colbecki (also called Antarctic scallop) material [19, 23].”
New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) to assess thyroid endocrine disruption-mediated cardiovascular outcomes: an example focused on the emerging contaminant octylmethoxycinnamate
Lorigo, M., Quintaneiro, C., Breitenfeld, L., & Cairrão, E. (2026) · NAM journal. · doi:10.1016/j.namjnl.2026.100077
Acute Exposure to a Common Organic UV Filter Does Not Alter the mRNA of Gonadal Estrogen or Growth Hormone Receptors in Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) In Vitro
Maur, G., Silva-Picazo, K., Dores, C. B., Marancik, D. P., & Allan, E. R. O. (2025) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes16111357
“Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3 or oxybenzone), the most common organic UV filter used in sunscreen for the past forty years [3], has been recently detected in water samples from aquatic systems worldwide [2,7,12,15–17].”
Impact of ultraviolet filters and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon from recreational activities on water reservoirs in southeast Queensland Australia
Verhagen, R., Veal, C., O'Malley, E., Gallen, M., Sturm, K., Bartkow, M., & Kaserzon, S. (2025) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1093/etojnl/vgaf007
“…using SPMD passive samplers found similar levels of octocrylene, octyl methoxycinnamate, and 4-Environmental 4-Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2025, Vol. 44, No. 3 | 677 methylbenzylidene camphor in lakes with recreation compared with this study (Balmer et al., 2005; Poiger et al., 2004).”
Hybrid radical coupling during MnO2-mediated transformation of a mixture of organic UV filters: Chemistry and toxicity assessment.
Lam, T., Law, J. C.-F., & Leung, K. S. (2024) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170121
Exposure effects of the UV-filter 4-MBC to "Solea senegalensis" metamorphosisPreprint
Araújo, M., Soares, A., & Monteiro, M. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-166939/v1
“…for adsorption to bed sediments, presenting levels up to 7.6 ng g-1 dry weight of 4-MBC in beach sand of Porto coast (Portugal) Page 3/23 (Capela et al., 2019) and is also bioaccumulated in aquatic organisms, including sh (e.g. Balmer et al., 2005; Buser et al., 2006; Gago-Ferrero et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Tveganja za nastanek kožnih sprememb in zaščita pred soncem
Sotler, R., & Dahmane, R. G. (2020) · Revija za Univerzalno Odličnost · doi:10.37886/ruo.2020.021
Direct Determination of Ultraviolet Filters in Environmental Water Samples using Solid-phase Microextraction with Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles Coating
Yang, Y.-X., An, X., Kang, M., Zeng, W., Wang, X.-M., & Du, X. (2020) · Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology · doi:10.3103/s1063455x20050148
“Many researches have shown that organic UV filters have been reported to occur widely in human urine, serum, breast milk [3–5], fish [6], wastewater [7–9], lakes and rivers [10].”
Background
Interactions between benzophenone-3 and dietary fat in mammary tumorigenesis
Kariagina, A., Morozova, O., Hoshyar, R., Aupperlee, M. D., Borin, M. A., Haslam, S., & Schwartz, R. C. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-59529/v1
“More recently, BP-3 was demonstrated to have pathological effects on coral [12].”
Background
Contamination par les polluants organiques persistants et émergents une étude de cas : la rivière Kadicha
Merhabi, F. (2019) · doi:10.70675/c3ae97baz0969z4b62za029z24309b48c1b0
“Ces produits sont synthétisés afin d’absorber les rayons UVA (320-400 nm) et UVB (280-320 nm) non absorbés par l'ozone de la stratosphère (Balmer et al., 2005 ; Kim and Choi, 2014).”
Background
Utilização de adsorvente natural para remoção do hormônio etnilestradiol
de Sousa, P. A. R., de Oliveira, F. M., Tavares, L. Q., & Coelho, L. M. (2017) · Editora Blucher eBooks · doi:10.5151/9788580392326-06
“Dentre eles destacam-se: Andresen et al., 2004; Meyer e Bester, 2004; Poiger et al., 2004; Balmer et al., 2005; Andresen e Bester, 2006; Petrovic e Barceló, 2007; Giokas et al., 2007; Quintana et al., 2008; Mompelat et al., 2009; Yu e Chu, 2009; Loos et al., 2009; Kosma et al., 2010; Gros et al.,…”
Background
Solid-phase microextraction of benzophenones coupled with gas chromatography analysis
Levchyk, V., & Zui, M. (2016) · doi:10.17721/fujcv4i2p55-62
“Liquid– liquid extraction (LLE) [7,8] or solid-phase extraction (SPE) [9,12] and alternatively, micellar-mediated extraction (MME) [13], stirbar sorptive extraction (SBSE) [14,15] and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) [16–17] have been proposed as pre-concentration approaches for the GC [18,19], HPLC [20] determinati…”
Formulation et caractérisation de particules lipidiques submicroniques encapsulant des filtres ultraviolets organiques et inorganiques
Gilbert, E. (2015) · doi:10.70675/fdd3dee6za0bfz4cbcz8a70z3e28ff048603
“Les filtres UV que l’on retrouve le plus dans la nature sont les benzophénones, l’avobenzone, l’octinoxate, l’octocrylène et l’enzacamène [66, 104-109].”
Background
Les produits pharmaceutiques et de soin personnel en milieu marin : prédiction des concentrations environnementales et étude des effets sur le métabolisme endogène d’organismes exposés
Arpin-Pont, L. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b654b592zbc62z4b16za914z49a819216c1f
“, 2014; Bratkovics and Sapozhnikova, 2011), whereas in fresh water the concentration range was 7-3009 ng/L (Balmer et al., 2005; Rodil et al., 2009).”
Background
Analytical Methods for Environmental Samples
Xia, K. (2013) · doi:10.1061/9780784410141.ch02
Chemicals of emerging concern in household products: a case study on the disposal of cosmetics in the United Kingdom
Dhaniram, D. (2011) · doi:10.25560/9281
Endocrine Disruption in Toxic Responses
Kitamura, S., Sugihara, K., Nakamura, K., Kotake, Y., Kashiwagi, A., & Fujimoto, N. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470744307.gat018
Organic Matter in the Hydrosphere
Schwarzbauer, J. (2020) · Hydrocarbons, Oils and Lipids: Diversity, Origin, Chemistry and Fate · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77587-4_20
Kozmetik Ürünlerin Toksisitesi: Endokrin Bozucu Kimyasallar.
Karaman, E. F., & Ozden, S. (2019) · doi:10.5336/pharmsci.2018-64070
Trace Analysis of Selected Organic Compounds
Rykowska, I., Wasiak, W., & Kowalski, B. (2016) · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19614-5_7
Analysis and Occurrence of Personal Care Products in Biota Samples
Gago-Ferrero, P., Díaz-Cruz, M., & Barceló, D. (2014) · The handbook of environmental chemistry · doi:10.1007/698_2014_313
Personal Care Products
Champagne, P. (2012) · American Society of Civil Engineers eBooks · doi:10.1061/9780784410141.ch04
Loads and Removal Ratios of Synthetic Fragrance Materials and Organic UV Filters in Sewage Treatment Plants in Japan
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Authors: Balmer, M. E., Buser, H.-R., Müller, M. D., & Poiger, T.
Affiliations: Agroscope (CH)
Corresponding author: Balmer, Marianne E.
ORCID: Balmer, Marianne E.
Poiger, Thomas
Venue: Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2005-01-12
Volume: 39
Issue: 4
Pages: 953-962
ISSN: 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
1520-5851
DOI: 10.1021/es040055r
OpenAlex: W2011754473
Cited by: 779
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 21.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords: organic UV filters, wastewater treatment plants, surface water contamination, fish contamination, benzophenone-3, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, octocrylene, sunscreen, seasonal variation, recreational activities, passive sampling, SPMD, methyl-triclosan, Swiss lakes, Lake Zurich
MeSH terms: Acrylates, Animals, Benzophenones, Camphor, Cinnamates, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fresh Water, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Seasons, Sunscreening Agents, Swimming, Switzerland, Triclosan, Ultraviolet Rays, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Pollutants, Chemical

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Occurrence of Some Organic UV Filters in Wastewater, in Surface Waters, and in Fish from Swiss Lakes

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