Cited by 779Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental ImpactsEffects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

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Occurrence of Some Organic UV Filters in Wastewater, in Surface Waters, and in Fish from Swiss Lakes

Balmer, Marianne E., Buser, Hans-Rudolf, Müller, Markus D., Poiger, Thomas·2005·Environmental Science & Technology

DOI 10.1021/es040055r

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Abstract

Organic UV filters are used in personal care products such as sunscreen products, and in cosmetics, beauty creams, skin lotions, lipsticks, hair sprays, hair dyes, shampoos, and so forth. The compounds enter the aquatic environmentfrom showering, wash-off, washing (laundering), and so forth via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) ("indirect inputs") and from recreational activities such as swimming and bathing in lakes and rivers ("direct inputs"). In this study, we investigated the occurrence of four important organic UV filter compounds (benzophenone-3, BP-3; 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, 4-MBC; ethylhexyl methoxy cinnamate, EHMC; octocrylene, OC) in wastewater, and in water and fish from various Swiss lakes, using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analyses. All four UV filters were present in untreated wastewater (WWTP influent) with a maximum concentration of 19 microg L(-1) for EHMC. The data indicate a seasonal variation with influent loads higher in the warmer season (June 2002) than in the colder one (April 2002). The influent loads were in the order EHMC > 4-MBC approximately BP-3 > OC. The concentrations in treated wastewater (WWTP effluent) were considerably lower, indicating substantial elimination in the plants. 4-MBC was usually the most prevalent compound (maximum concentration, 2.7 microg L(-1)), followed by BP-3, EHMC, and OC. UV filters were also detected in Swiss midland lakes and a river (Limmat) receiving inputs from WWTPs and recreational activities. However, all concentrations were low (<2-35 ng L(-1)); no UV filters (<2 ng L(-1)) were detected in a remote mountain lake. Data from passive sampling using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) supported the presence of these UV filters in the lakes and the river and suggested some potential for accumulation of these compounds in biota. SPMD-derived water concentrations increased in the order Greifensee < Zürichsee < Hüttnersee. This order is reversed from that observed for methyl triclosan, used as a chemical marker for WWTP-derived lipophilic contaminants in the lakes. This indicated inputs of UV filters from sources other than WWTPs to the lakes during summer,for example,inputs from recreational activities. Fish (white fish, Coregonus sp.; roach, Rutilus rutilus; perch, Perca fluviatilis) from these lakes contained low but detectable concentrations of UV filters, in particular, 4-MBC (up to 166 ng g(-1) on a lipid basis). 4-MBC concentrations relative to methyl triclosan were lower in fish than in SPMDs exposed in the same lakes, suggesting that 4-MBC is less bioaccumulated than expected or metabolized in fish. The lipid-based bioconcentration factor (BCF(L)) estimated from the fish (roach) data and SPMD-derived water concentrations was about 1-2.3 x 10(4) and thus approximately 1 order of magnitude lower than expected from its Kow value.

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The interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change on aquatic ecosystems
Williamson, C. E., Neale, P. J., Hylander, S., Rose, K. C., Figueroa, F. L., Robinson, S. A., Häder, D.-P., Wä, S.-Å., & Worrest, R. C. (2019) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c8pp90062k · Cited by 169
The efficacy and safety of sunscreen use for the prevention of skin cancer
Sander, M., Sander, M., Burbidge, T., & Beecker, J. (2020) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.201085 · Cited by 166
Concentrations and specific loads of UV filters in sewage sludge originating from a monitoring network in Switzerland.
Plagellat, C., Kupper, T., Furrer, R., de Alencastro, L. D., Grandjean, D., & Tarradellas, J. (2006) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.024 · Cited by 161
The degradation products of UV filters in aqueous and chlorinated aqueous solutions
Santos, A. J. M., Miranda, M. S., & da Silva, J. C. G. E. (2012) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.057 · Cited by 172
Chemical contaminants in swimming pools: Occurrence, implications and control
Teo, T. L. L., Coleman, H. M., & Khan, S. J. (2014) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.012 · Cited by 175
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products as Emerging Environmental Contaminants: Prevalence, Toxicity, and Remedial Approaches
Chakraborty, A., Adhikary, S., Bhattacharya, S., Dutta, S., Chatterjee, S., Banerjee, D., Ganguly, A., & Rajak, P. (2023) · ACS Chemical Health & Safety · doi:10.1021/acs.chas.3c00071 · Cited by 195
Halobenzoquinones in swimming pool waters and their formation from personal care products
Wang, W., Qian, Y., Boyd, J. M., Wu, M., Hrudey, S. E., & Li, X.-F. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es304938x · Cited by 152
Degradation of the UV-filter benzophenone-3 in aqueous solution using persulfate activated by heat, metal ions and light
Pan, X., Yan, L., Qu, R., & Wang, Z. (2017) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.152 · Cited by 162
Ionic liquid-based single-drop microextraction followed by liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectrophotometry detection to determine typical UV filters in surface water samples.
Vidal, L., Chisvert, A., Canals, A., & Salvador, A. (2010) · Talanta: The International Journal of Pure and Applied Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2009.12.042 · Cited by 149
Profiling of benzophenone derivatives using fish and human estrogen receptor-specific in vitro bioassays.
Molina-Molina, J., Escande, A., Pillon, A., Gomez, E., Pakdel, F., Cavaillès, V., Olea, N., Ait-Aissa, S., & Balaguer, P. (2008) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2008.07.017 · Cited by 148
Occurrence, removal, mass loading and environmental risk assessment of emerging organic contaminants in leachates, groundwaters and wastewaters
Kapelewska, J., Kotowska, U., Karpińska, J., Kowalczuk, D., Arciszewska, A., & Świrydo, A. (2018) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2017.11.008 · Cited by 147
Determination of parabens and benzophenone-type UV filters in human placenta: First description of the existence of benzyl paraben and benzophenone-4
Valle-Sistac, J., Molins-Delgado, D., Díaz, M., Ibáñez, L., Barceló, D., & Silvia Díaz-Cruz, M. (2016) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.034 · Cited by 147
“Some other studies suggest bioaccumulation and biomagnification through the food chain: PBs are found in big invertebrates and in birds and fish (Balmer et al., 2005; Gago-Ferrero et al., 2013b; Nagtegaal et al., 1997).”
Fully automated determination of nine ultraviolet filters and transformation products in natural waters and wastewaters by on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Gago-Ferrero, P., Mastroianni, N., Díaz-Cruz, M., & Barceló, D. (2013) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.037 · Cited by 146
Analysis of UV filters in tap water and other clean waters in Spain
Díaz-Cruz, M., Gago-Ferrero, P., Llorca, M., & Barceló, D. (2012) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-011-5560-8 · Cited by 145
Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review
Yang, L., Chen, X., She, Q., Cao, G., Liu, Y., Chang, V. W.-C., & Tang, C. Y. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.024 · Cited by 144
“Personal care products Apart from the commonly discussed NOM and BFA, PCPs released by swimmers could be the potential precursors of chlorinated and oxidized or nitrogenous DBPs (Balmer et al., 2005).”
Background
The effect of signal suppression and mobile phase composition on the simultaneous analysis of multiple classes of acidic/neutral pharmaceuticals and personal care products in surface water by solid-phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-negative electrospray tandem mass spectro
Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Dinsdale, R., & Guwy, A. (2008) · Talanta: The International Journal of Pure and Applied Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2007.08.037 · Cited by 144
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of ultraviolet absorbents in marine wildlife of the Pearl River Estuarine, South China Sea.
Peng, X.-Z., Fan, Y.-J., Jin, J.-B., Xiong, S.-S., Liu, J., & Tang, C. (2017) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.035 · Cited by 143
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry screening methods for select UV filters, synthetic musks, alkylphenols, an antimicrobial agent, and an insect repellent in fish.
Mottaleb, M., Usenko, S., O'Donnell, J., Ramirez, A. J., Brooks, B., & Chambliss, C. (2009) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.072 · Cited by 141
Coupled chromatographic and mass-spectrometric techniques for the analysis of emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment
Wille, K., Brabander, H. D., Vanhaecke, L., Wulf, E. D., Caeter, P., & Janssen, C. R. (2012) · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2011.12.003 · Cited by 140
Diet as a Source of Exposure to Environmental Contaminants for Pregnant Women and Children from Six European Countries
Papadopoulou, E., Haug, L. S., Sakhi, A. K., Andrušaitytė, S., Basagaña, X., Brantsæter, A. L., Casas, M., Fernández‐Barrés, S., Gražulevičienė, R., Knutsen, H. K., et al. (2019) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp5324 · Cited by 173
“For example, OXBE has been found globally in water, soil, sediments, sludge, and biota and can bioaccumulate in ﬁ sh (Balmer et al. 2005; Brausch and Rand 2011; Gago-Ferrero et al. 2012).”
Characterization of environmental estrogens in river water using a three pronged approach: active and passive water sampling and the analysis of accumulated estrogens in the bile of caged fish.
Vermeirssen, E., Körner, O., Schönenberger, R., Suter, M., & Burkhardt-Holm, P. (2005) · Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1021/es050818q · Cited by 139
A systematic review and ecological risk assessment for organic ultraviolet filters in aquatic environments
Carve, M., Nugegoda, D., Allinson, G., & Shimeta, J. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115894 · Cited by 192
Occurrence of multiclass UV filters in treated sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants.
Gago-Ferrero, P., Díaz-Cruz, M., & Barceló, D. (2011) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.003 · Cited by 137
Simultaneous determination of benzotriazoles and ultraviolet filters in ground water, effluent and biosolid samples using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Liu, Y.-S., Ying, G.-G., Shareef, A., & Kookana, R. (2011) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.100 · Cited by 135
UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects
Jesus, A., Sousa, E., Cruz, M., Cidade, H., Lobo, J., & Almeida, I. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15030263 · Cited by 132
Effects of benzophenone-3 exposure on endocrine disruption and reproduction of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)—A two generation exposure study
Kim, S., Jung, D., Kho, Y., & Choi, K. (2014) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.07.004 · Cited by 140
“(Balmer et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
Developmental toxicity of UV filters and environmental exposure: a review
Schlumpf, M., Durrer, S., Faass, O., Ehnes, C., Fuetsch, M., Bassetti-Gaille, C., Henseler, M., Hofkamp, L. E., Maerkel, K., Reolon, S., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00856.x · Cited by 127
“There is good evidence that pharmaceuticals and ingredients of personal care products, including chemical UV filters, can spread to the biosphere and reach the food chain (Balmer et al., 2005; Kupper et al., 2006; Nakata et al., 2007; Schmid et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
Degradation of UV-filter benzophenone-3 in aqueous solution using persulfate catalyzed by cobalt ferrite
Pan, X., Yan, L., Li, C., Qu, R., & Wang, Z. (2017) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2017.06.068 · Cited by 136
Inputs of chemicals from recreational activities into the Norwegian coastal zone.
Langford, K., & Thomas, K. (2008) · Journal of Environmental Monitoring · doi:10.1039/b806198j · Cited by 126
Determination of personal care products in sewage sludge by pressurized liquid extraction and ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Nieto, A., Borrull, F., Marcé, R. M., & Pocurull, E. (2009) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.061 · Cited by 125
Environmental occurrence and distribution of organic UV stabilizers and UV filters in the sediment of Chinese Bohai and Yellow Seas
Apel, C., Tang, J., & Ebinghaus, R. (2017) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.051 · Cited by 154
“UV stabilizers have been reportedworldwide inwater (Balmer et al., 2005; Cunha et al., 2015b; Kameda et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2014; Tsui et al., 2014), suspended particulatematter (Wick et al., 2016), house dust (Kim et al., , 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.”
BackgroundInfluential
Endocrine modulation and toxic effects of two commonly used UV screens on the aquatic invertebrates Potamopyrgus antipodarum and Lumbriculus variegatus.
Schmitt, C., Oetken, M., Dittberner, O., Wagner, M., & Oehlmann, J. (2008) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.031 · Cited by 124
“Most of these UV filters are highly lipophilic and hardly degradable in STPs and are therefore supposed to accumulate in the environment (Balmer et al., 2005; Buser et al., 2006).”
Background
A novel ceramic membrane coated with MnO2–Co3O4 nanoparticles catalytic ozonation for benzophenone-3 degradation in aqueous solution: Fabrication, characterization and performance
Guo, Y., Xu, B., & Qi, F. (2015) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2015.11.067 · Cited by 144
Air-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on a new hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for the preconcentration of benzophenone-type UV filters from aqueous samples
Ge, D., Zhang, Y., Dai, Y., & Yang, S. (2018) · Journal of Separation Science · doi:10.1002/jssc.201701282 · Cited by 121
The UV-absorber benzophenone-4 alters transcripts of genes involved in hormonal pathways in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleuthero-embryos and adult males.
Zucchi, S., Blüthgen, N., Ieronimo, A., & Fent, K. (2011) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2010.10.001 · Cited by 121
“In addition to their large use in personal care products, these chemicals find also application in the UV-protection of numerous materials and products (Balmer et al., 2005; Fent et al., 2010).”
Background
Urban groundwater contamination by residues of UV filters.
Jurado, A., Gago-Ferrero, P., Vázquez-Suñé, E., Carrera, J., Pujades, E., Díaz-Cruz, M., & Barceló, D. (2014) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.036 · Cited by 120
Occurrence of xenobiotics in gray water and removal in three biological treatment systems.
Leal, L. H., Vieno, N. M., Temmink, H., Zeeman, G., & Buisman, C. (2010) · Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1021/es101509e · Cited by 119
Non-porous membrane-assisted liquid-liquid extraction of UV filter compounds from water samples.
Rodil, R., Schrader, S., & Moeder, M. (2009) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.042 · Cited by 119
Accumulation and effects of the UV-filter octocrylene in adult and embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Blüthgen, N., Meili, N., Chew, G., Odermatt, A., & Fent, K. (2014) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.015 · Cited by 118
“UV-filters are mostly lipophilic, found in all aquatic compartments of fresh and sea water and in biota (Fent et al., 2010; Balmer et al., 2005) and are sometimes increased in summer months (Magi et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Evaluation of fungal- and photo-degradation as potential treatments for the removal of sunscreens BP3 and BP1.
Gago-Ferrero, P., Badia-Fabregat, M., Olivares, A., Piña, B., Blánquez, P., Vicent, T., Caminal, G., Díaz-Cruz, M., & Barceló, D. (2012) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.089 · Cited by 118
Sensitive determination of salicylate and benzophenone type UV filters in water samples using solid-phase microextraction, derivatization and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
Negreira, N., Rodríguez, I., Ramil, M., Rubí, E., & Cela, R. (2009) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2009.02.015 · Cited by 118

Authors: Balmer, M. E., Buser, H.-R., Müller, M. D., & Poiger, T.
Affiliations: Agroscope (CH)
Corresponding author: Balmer, Marianne E.
ORCID: Balmer, Marianne E.
Poiger, Thomas
Venue: Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2005-01-12
Volume: 39
Issue: 4
Pages: 953-962
ISSN: 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
1520-5851
DOI: 10.1021/es040055r
OpenAlex: W2011754473
Cited by: 779
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 21.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords: organic UV filters, wastewater treatment plants, surface water contamination, fish contamination, benzophenone-3, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, octocrylene, sunscreen, seasonal variation, recreational activities, passive sampling, SPMD, methyl-triclosan, Swiss lakes, Lake Zurich
MeSH terms: Acrylates, Animals, Benzophenones, Camphor, Cinnamates, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fresh Water, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Seasons, Sunscreening Agents, Swimming, Switzerland, Triclosan, Ultraviolet Rays, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Pollutants, Chemical

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Occurrence of Some Organic UV Filters in Wastewater, in Surface Waters, and in Fish from Swiss Lakes

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