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Life Cycle Assessment of Switchgrass- and Corn Stover-Derived Ethanol-Fueled Automobiles
Abstract
Utilizing domestically produced cellulose-derived ethanol for the light-duty vehicle fleet can potentially improve the environmental performance and sustainability of the transport and energy sectors of the economy. A life cycle assessment model was developed to examine environmental implications of the production and use of ethanol in automobiles in Ontario, Canada. The results were compared to those of low-sulfur reformulated gasoline (RFG) in a functionally equivalent automobile. Two time frames were evaluated, one near-term (2010), which examines converting a dedicated energy crop (switchgrass) and an agricultural residue (corn stover) to ethanol; and one midterm (2020), which assumes technological improvements in the switchgrass-derived ethanol life cycle. Near-term results show that, compared to a RFG automobile, life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are 57% lower for an E85-fueled automobile derived from switchgrass and 65% lower for ethanol from corn stover, on a grams of CO2 equivalent per kilometer basis. Corn stover ethanol exhibits slightly lower life cycle GHG emissions, primarily due to sharing emissions with grain production. Through projected improvements in crop and ethanol yields, results for the mid-term scenario show that GHG emissions could be 25-35% lower than those in 2010 and that, even with anticipated improvements in RFG automobiles, E85 automobiles could still achieve up to 70% lower GHG emissions across the life cycle.
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SOC losses of the magnitude observed here have not been included in life cycle analyses of biofuel production from corn residue, which implies that the sustainability and net benefits of biofuel production from residue have been overestimated.
“SOC losses of the magnitude observed here have not been included in life cycle analyses of biofuel production from corn residue (Sheehan et al., 2003;Powers, 2005;Spatari et al., 2005;Adler et al., 2007), which implies that the sustainability and net benefits of biofuel production from residue have been overestimated.”
From Changes in soil organic carbon under biofuel crops (2009) · cites this paper as Spatari et al., 2005
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Metadata
- Authors
- Spatari, S., Zhang, Y., & MacLean, H. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- MacLean, Heather L.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2005-11-15
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 9750-9758
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W1977923271
- Cited by
- 273
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 9.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ontario Ministry of Food and Agriculture
- Natural Resources Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
- Keywords
- switchgrass, corn stover, cellulosic ethanol, E85, greenhouse gas emissions, life cycle assessment, biofuels, agricultural residues, energy crops, Ontario
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollution, Ethanol, Vehicle Emissions, Automobiles, Canada, Carbon Dioxide, Zea mays, Energy-Generating Resources, Gasoline, Poaceae, Biomass, Risk Assessment
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