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Cited by 521

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Differential Effect of Common Ligands and Molecular Oxygen on Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles versus Silver Ions

Xiu, Zong-Ming, Ma, Jie, Alvarez, Pedro J. J.·2011·Environmental Science & Technology
DOI 10.1021/es201918f
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Abstract

The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is partially due to the release of Ag(+), although discerning the contribution of AgNPs vs Ag(+) is challenging due to their common co-occurrence. We discerned the toxicity of Ag(+) versus a commercially available AgNP (35.4 ± 5.1 nm, coated with amorphous carbon) by conducting antibacterial assays under anaerobic conditions that preclude Ag₀ oxidation, which is a prerequisite for Ag(+) release. These AgNPs were 20× less toxic to E. coli than Ag(+) (EC₅₀: 2.04 ± 0.07 vs 0.10 ± 0.01 mg/L), and their toxicity increased 2.3-fold after exposure to air for 0.5 h (EC₅₀: 0.87 ± 0.03 mg/L) which promoted Ag(+) release. No significant difference in Ag(+) toxicity was observed between anaerobic and aerobic conditions, which rules out oxidative stress by ROS as an important antibacterial mechanism for Ag(+). The toxicity of Ag(+) (2.94 μmol/L) was eliminated by equivalent cysteine or sulfide; the latter exceeded the solubility product equilibrium constant (K(sp)), which is conducive to silver precipitation. Equivalent chloride and phosphate concentrations also reduced Ag(+) toxicity without exceeding K(sp). Thus, some common ligands can hinder the bioavailability and mitigate the toxicity of Ag(+) at relatively low concentrations that do not induce silver precipitation. Furthermore, low concentrations of chloride (0.1 mg/L) mitigated the toxicity of Ag(+) but not that of AgNPs, suggesting that previous reports of higher AgNPs toxicity than their equivalent Ag(+) concentration might be due to the presence of common ligands that preferentially decrease the bioavailability and toxicity of Ag(+). Overall, these results show that the presence of O₂ or common ligands can differentially affect the toxicity of AgNPs vs Ag(+), and underscore the importance of water chemistry in the mode of action of AgNPs.

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Metadata

Authors
Xiu, Z.-M., Ma, J., & Alvarez, P. J. J.
Venue
Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published
2011-09-27
Volume
45
Issue
20
Pages
9003-9008
ISSN
  • 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
  • 1520-5851
DOI
10.1021/es201918f
OpenAlex
W1972870712
Cited by
521
References
34
FWCI
17.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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