Hands, Water, and Health: Fecal Contamination in Tanzanian Communities with Improved, Non-Networked Water Supplies

Pickering, Amy J.; Davis, Jennifer; Walters, Sarah P.; Horak, Helena M.; Keymer, Daniel P.; Mushi, Douglas; Strickfaden, Rachelle; Chynoweth, Joshua S.; Liu, Jessie; Blum, Annalise; Rogers, Kirsten; Boehm, Alexandria B.

doi:10.1021/es903524m

Cited by 164Fecal contamination and water qualityChild Nutrition and Water AccessFood Safety and Hygiene

Hands, Water, and Health: Fecal Contamination in Tanzanian Communities with Improved, Non-Networked Water Supplies

Pickering, Amy J., Davis, Jennifer, Walters, Sarah P., Horak, Helena M., Keymer, Daniel P., Mushi, Douglas, Strickfaden, Rachelle, Chynoweth, Joshua S. +4 more·2010·Environmental Science & Technology

DOI 10.1021/es903524m

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Abstract

Almost half of the world's population relies on non-networked water supply services, which necessitates in-home water storage. It has been suggested that dirty hands play a role in microbial contamination of drinking water during collection, transport, and storage. However, little work has been done to evaluate quantitatively the association between hand contamination and stored water quality within households. This study measured levels of E. coli, fecal streptococci, and occurrence of the general Bacteroidales fecal DNA marker in source water, in stored water, and on hands in 334 households among communities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, where residents use non-networked water sources. Levels of fecal contamination on hands of mothers and children were positively correlated to fecal contamination in stored drinking water within households. Household characteristics associated with hand contamination included mother's educational attainment, use of an improved toilet, an infant in the household, and dissatisfaction with the quantity of water available for hygiene. In addition, fecal contamination on hands was associated with the prevalence of gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms within a household. The results suggest that reducing fecal contamination on hands should be investigated as a strategy for improving stored drinking water quality and health among households using non-networked water supplies.

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Authors: Pickering, A. J., Davis, J., Walters, S. P., Horak, H. M., Keymer, D. P., Mushi, D., Strickfaden, R., Chynoweth, J. S., Liu, J., Blum, A., Rogers, K., & Boehm, A. B.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Boehm, Alexandria B.
ORCID: Pickering, Amy J.
Davis, Jennifer
Mushi, Douglas
Liu, Jessie
Blum, Annalise
Boehm, Alexandria B.
Venue: Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2010-03-12
Volume: 44
Issue: 9
Pages: 3267-3272
ISSN: 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
1520-5851
DOI: 10.1021/es903524m
OpenAlex: W2074226012
Cited by: 164
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 10.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Division of Undergraduate Education
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
Keywords: hand contamination, fecal contamination, household water storage, drinking water quality, Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci, hand hygiene, gastrointestinal symptoms, respiratory symptoms, Dar es Salaam
MeSH terms: Bacteria, DNA, Escherichia coli, Feces, Female, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Hygiene, Tanzania, Toilet Facilities, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Water Supply, Water Purification

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Hands, Water, and Health: Fecal Contamination in Tanzanian Communities with Improved, Non-Networked Water Supplies

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