Excreta disposal for rural areas and small communities
Integrity signals
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Enteric pathogens have multiple sufficient pathways to diarrhoea that may overlap and interact at multiple levels of analysis.
“Enteric pathogens, for example, have multiple sufficient pathways to diarrhoea that may overlap and interact at multiple levels of analysis.22–25”
From Co-occurring epidemics, syndemics, and population health (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
The appropriateness of pit latrines at providing improved sanitation lies in their ability to safely dispose human excreta with minimal or no contact with humans.
“The appropriateness of pit latrines at providing improved sanitation thus lies in its ability to safely dispose human excreta in such a way that there is minimal or no contact with humans.”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
For pit latrines to be appropriate, excreta should not be accessible to insects or animals and the facility should be free from odours.
“Furthermore, the excreta should not be accessible to insects or animals and the facility should be free from odours [18, 47].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
Proposed design accumulation rates range from 40-90 l/capita/year.
“Proposed design accumulation rates range from 40–90 ℓ/capita/year [15, 18].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
The process of decomposition in pit latrines is largely anaerobic although aerobic degradation processes may occur.
“Studies have depicted that the process of decomposition in pit latrines is largely anaerobic although aerobic degradation processes may occur [18, 62, 66].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
Methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide have for long been noted as the smell causing substances in pit latrines.
“Methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide have for long been noted as the smell causing substances in pit latrines [18, 75].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
A possible mass-volume reduction of 50-75% or up to 80% after well-established degradation has been reported.
“A possible mass - volume reduction of 50–75 % [54] or up to 80 % [18, 67] after well-established degradation has been reported.”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
While both flies and mosquitoes were drawn to odour sources in pit latrines, mosquitoes have a positive phototropism and fly only towards light.
“This was because while both flies and mosquitoes were drawn to odour sources in pit latrines, [80] the latter have a positive phototropism and fly only towards light [18].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
The use of inorganic and organic chemicals as larvicides and disinfectants like sodium fluosilicate, borax, paradichlorobenzene (PDB), orthodichlorobenzene (ODB), aldrin, BHC and DDT has been documented.
“The use of inorganic and organic chemicals as larvicides and disinfectants like sodium fluosilicate, borax, paradichlorobenzene (PDB), orthodichlorobenzene (ODB), aldrin, BHC and DDT has been documented [17, 18, 86].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
The association between smell and insect nuisance arises because flies are attracted by the smell from the pits, while volatile compounds from pit latrines function as pheromones to attract gravid mosquitoes to suitable breeding sites.
“The association arises because flies are attracted by the smell from the pits [18], while volatile compounds from pit latrines function as pheromones to attract gravid mosquitoes to suitable breeding sites [98–101].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
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A localized sanitation status index as a proxy for fecal contamination in urban Maputo, Mozambique
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Hirai, M., Roess, A., Huang, C., & Graham, J. (2016) · Global Health Action · doi:10.3402/gha.v9.32833 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Persistent Ascaris Transmission Is Possible in Urban Areas Even Where Sanitation Coverage Is High
Capone, D., Barker, T., Cumming, O., Flemister, A., Geason, R., Kim, E., Knee, J., Linden, Y., Manga, M., Meldrum, M., et al. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c04667 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fregonese, F., Siekmans, K., Kouanda, S., Druetz, T., Ly, A., Diabaté, S., & Haddad, S. H. S. (2016) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2016-207423 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Population density controls on microbial pollution across the Ganga catchment
Milledge, D. G., Gurjar, S. K., Bunce, J. T., Tare, V., Sinha, R., & Carbonneau, P. (2017) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.033 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Berendes, D. M., de Mondesert, L., Kirby, A. E., Yakubu, H., Adomako, L. A. B., Michiel, J., Raj, S., Robb, K., Wang, Y., Doe, B., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113433 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Tambe, A. B., Nyobe, E. C., Nchung, A. J., Ndzana, A. C. A., Essa’a, V. J., Roger, B. M., Medoua, G. N., & Leoni, D. N. (2018) · MOJ Public Health · doi:10.15406/mojph.2018.07.00248 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Multiple and complex links between babyWASH and stunting: an evidence synthesis
Waller, A., Lakhanpaul, M., Godfrey, S., & Parikh, P. (2020) · Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2020.265 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zavala, E., King, S. E., Sawadogo‐Lewis, T., & Roberton, T. (2021) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13202 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
O’Hara, S. L., Hannan, T., & Genina, M. (2007) · Water Policy · doi:10.2166/wp.2007.063 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Multiple criteria decision analysis for sanitation selection in South African municipalities
Salisbury, F., Brouckaert, C. J., Still, D., & Buckley, C. A. (2018) · Water SA · doi:10.4314/wsa.v44i3.12 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Williams, C., Cumming, O., Grignard, L., Rumedeka, B. B., Saidi, J. M., Grint, D. J., DRAKELEY, C. J., & Jeandron, A. (2020) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05454-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Estimating the Effect of School Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Improvements on Pupil Health Outcomes
Garn, J. V., Brumback, B., Drews‐Botsch, C., Lash, T. L., Kramer, M. R., & Freeman, M. C. (2016) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000522 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Falkenberg, T., Saxena, D. B., & Kistemann, T. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.117 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Development and application of a methodology to assess sanitary risks in Maputo, Mozambique
Campos, L. C., Ross, P., Nasir, Z. A., Taylor, H. D., & Parkinson, J. (2015) · Environment and Urbanization · doi:10.1177/0956247815595784 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Modeling the complexities of water, hygiene, and health in Limpopo Province, South Africa
Mellor, J. E., Smith, J. A., Learmonth, G. P., Netshandama, V. O., & Dillingham, R. A. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es3038966 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wagner, E. G., & Lanoix, J.
- Venue
- Medical Journal of Australia
- Publisher
- AMPCo
- Published
- 1959-05
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 670-670
- ISSN
- 0025-729X (ISSN-L)
- 1326-5377
- OpenAlex
- W1652742507
- Cited by
- 245
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 9 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- The Medical Journal of Australia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Public Health and Environmental Issues
- Keywords
- excreta disposal, rural sanitation, small communities, sanitation systems
- MeSH terms
- Body Fluids, Humans, Residence Characteristics, Rural Health, Rural Population, Sanitation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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