The Unfolded Ensemble and Folding Mechanism of the C-Terminal GB1 β-Hairpin
Abstract
In this work, we shed new light on a much-studied case of beta-hairpin folding by means of advanced molecular dynamics simulations. A fully atomistic description of the protein and the solvent molecule is used, together with metadynamics, to accelerate the sampling and estimate free-energy landscapes. This is achieved using the path collective variables approach, which provides an adaptive description of the mechanism under study. We discover that the folding mechanism is a multiscale process where the turn region conformation leads to two different energy pathways that are connected by elongated structures. The former displays a stable 2:4 native-like structure in which an optimal hydrophobic packing and hydrogen bond pattern leads to 8 kcal/mol of stabilization. The latter shows a less-structured 3:5 beta-sheet, where hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic packing provide only 2.5 kcal/mol of stability. This perspective is fully consistent with experimental evidence that shows this to be a prototypical two-state folder, while it redefines the nature of the unfolded state.
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Metadynamics methods have been successfully applied to study free energy landscapes of flexible proteins, protein oligomers, peptide folding, ligand and selective ion permeation through membrane channels.
“These methods alone, or in combination with high-resolution experimental techniques such as x-ray crystallography and NMR, have been successfully applied to the study of the free energy landscape of flexible proteins and protein oligomers,36,388–389 peptide folding,390–392 ligand and selective ion permeation through cell membrane protein channels.393”
From Protein Ensembles: How Does Nature Harness Thermodynamic Fluctuations for Life? The Diverse Functional Roles of Conformational Ensembles in the Cell (2016) · cites this paper as [390]
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- Authors
- Bonomi, M., Branduardi, D., Gervasio, F. L., & Parrinello, M.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- Journal of the American Chemical Society
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2008-09-24
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 42
- Pages
- 13938-13944
- ISSN
- 0002-7863 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5126
- OpenAlex
- W2062338207
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Chemical Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- China Scholarship Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Keywords
- β-hairpin folding, folding mechanism, free energy landscape, metadynamics, two-state folding, hydrophobic packing, hydrogen bonding, native-like structure
- MeSH terms
- Bacterial Proteins, Computer Simulation, Hydrogen Bonding, Models, Chemical, Models, Molecular, Protein Conformation, Protein Structure, Secondary, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Protein Folding
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