Biosynthetic Glycan Labeling
Open accessAbstract
Glycans are ubiquitous and play important biological roles, yet chemical methods for probing their structure and function within cells remain limited. Strategies for studying other biomacromolecules, such as proteins, often exploit chemoselective reactions for covalent modification, capture, or imaging. Unlike amino acids that constitute proteins, glycan building blocks lack distinguishing reactivity because they are composed primarily of polyol isomers. Moreover, encoding glycan variants through genetic manipulation is complex. Therefore, we formulated a new, generalizable strategy for chemoselective glycan modification that directly takes advantage of cellular glycosyltransferases. Many of these enzymes are selective for the products they generate yet promiscuous in their donor preferences. Thus, we designed reagents with bioorthogonal handles that function as glycosyltransferase substrate surrogates. We validated the feasibility of this approach by synthesizing and testing probes of d -arabinofuranose ( d -Ara f ), a monosaccharide found in bacteria and an essential component of the cell wall that protects mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis . The result is the first probe capable of selectively labeling arabinofuranose-containing glycans. Our studies serve as a platform for developing new chemoselective labeling agents for other privileged monosaccharides. This probe revealed an asymmetric distribution of d -Ara f residues during mycobacterial cell growth and could be used to detect mycobacteria in THP1-derived macrophages.
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Bioorthogonal metabolic labeling allows the biosynthesis of trehalose-containing molecules, peptidoglycans, and arabinan to be visualized in situ in both M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis.
“Nevertheless, there are emerging efforts to apply modern (click chemistry) approaches of bioorthogonal metabolic labeling in both M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis, allowing the biosynthesis of trehalose-containing molecules, peptidoglycans, and arabinan to be visualized in situ (116, 163–165).”
From Mycobacterium smegmatis: The Vanguard of Mycobacterial Research (2023) · cites this paper as [165]
The live-cell imaging passage (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) reports bioorthogonal labeling of arabinofuranose-containing cell-wall glycans in M. smegmatis. It mentions peptidoglycan and a trehalose-based probe as comparison tools, not as targets visualized by this paper's approach. The experiments described do not show labeling in M. tuberculosis, so this source supports only part of the cited sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Marando, V. M., Kim, D. E., Calabretta, P. J., Kraft, M. B., Bryson, B. D., & Kiessling, L. L.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kiessling, Laura L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Chemical Society
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2021-10-04
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 40
- Pages
- 16337-16342
- ISSN
- 0002-7863 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5126
- PMC
- PMC8943913
- OpenAlex
- W3202157456
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 2.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American Chemical Society (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 Al-126592, R01A1022553)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR073252)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (F32 GM142288, U01GM125288)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Click Chemistry and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Carbohydrate Chemistry and Synthesis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
- Keywords
- glycan labeling, chemoselective labeling, glycosyltransferases, bioorthogonal probes, mycobacterial cell wall, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, glycan probes, mycobacterial detection, macrophages
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Polysaccharides, Glycosyltransferases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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